对于学习高中生物的同学们来说，学习中最大的一个障碍就是庞大的生物学词汇了，尤其是生物Biology这样知识点和概念比较丰富的学科，专业词汇量的积累可以说直接影响到你的学习成绩。我们特别为大家整理了北美高中生物Biology词汇，建议大家收藏！
absorption: the process in which nutrients enter cells of the villi, then move across the cells and enter blood vessels.
吸收：营养物质进入绒毛细胞，然后穿过细胞移动并进入血管的过程。
acids: compounds that release hydrogen ions (H+) when the compounds are placed in water.
酸：将化合物置于水中时会释放氢离子（H +）的化合物。
actin: a protein filament within the sarcomeres of muscle cells.
肌动蛋白：肌细胞肉瘤内的蛋白丝。
action potential: occurs when a neuron is displaying a nerve impulse.
动作电位：当神经元表现出神经冲动时发生。
active site: the portion of an enzyme that interacts with the substrate.
活性位点：与底物相互作用的酶的一部分。
active transport: the movement of molecules across a membrane from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration that requires the expenditure of energy (ATP).
主动运输：分子从低浓度区域到高浓度区域的跨膜运动，需要消耗能量（ATP）。
adenosine diphosphate (ADP): a product of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) breakdown.
二磷酸腺苷（ADP）：三磷酸腺苷（ATP）分解的产物。
adenosine triphosphate (ATP): the chemical substance that serves as the currency of energy in cells.
三磷酸腺苷（ATP）：作为细胞能量能量的化学物质。
adrenal glands: two glands lying atop the kidneys that produce a family of steroids.
肾上腺：位于肾脏上方的两个腺体，可产生类固醇。
aerobic: organisms that require oxygen for their metabolism.
有氧的：需要氧气进行新陈代谢的生物。
algae: a large number of photosynthetic organisms that are generally unicellular and not classified as plants.
藻类：通常是单细胞且未归类为植物的大量光合生物。
alleles: different forms of the same gene.
等位基因：同一基因的不同形式。
alveoli: microscopic air sacs that are surrounded by a rich network of blood vessels in mammalian lungs that function in gas exchange; the air sacs are at the end of the bronchioles.
肺泡：在哺乳动物肺中被丰富的血管网络包围的微观气囊，这些气体在气体交换中起作用；气囊位于细支气管的末端。
amino acids: the building blocks of proteins.
氨基酸：蛋白质的组成部分。
amoeba: single-celled organisms with no distinct shape; members of the phylum Sarcodina.
变形虫：没有形状的单细胞生物。
Animalia: the kingdom that includes the animals.
动物界：包括动物在内的王国。
antibodies: proteins synthesized by plasma cells that are released into the circulation to the antigen site and destroy the microorganisms by chemically reacting with them.
抗体：浆细胞合成的蛋白质，释放到循环中的抗原部位，并通过与它们发生化学反应而破坏微生物。
antibody-mediated immunity: the process by which antibodies bind to antigens and destroy the microorganisms in a highly specific manner.
抗体介导的免疫：抗体与抗原结合并以高度特异性的方式破坏微生物的过程。
anticodon: the complementary codon present on a tRNA molecule.
反密码子：存在于tRNA分子上的互补密码子。
antigens: the immune-stimulating polysaccharides on the surface of cells.
抗原：细胞表面的免疫刺激性多糖。
aorta: the major artery of the human circulatory system that receives blood from the left ventricle.
主动脉：人体循环系统的主要动脉，其从左心室接收血液。
appendix: a small fingerlike process that may be a vestige of larger organs functional in human ancestors.
附录：手指状的小过程，可能是人类祖先的较大器官的痕迹。
archaebacteria: ancient bacteria that have a different ribosomal structure, membrane composition, and cell wall composition than modern bacteria.
考古细菌：与现代细菌相比，核糖体结构，膜成分和细胞壁成分不同的古老细菌。
arteries: the channels through which fluid flows away from the heart.
动脉：流体从心脏流过的通道。
atom: the smallest part of an element that can enter into various combinations with atoms of other elements.
原子：元素的最小部分，可以与其他元素的原子进行各种组合。
atrium: a thin-walled receiving chamber in which blood accumulates in fishes.
中庭：一个薄壁的接收室，血液在鱼体内积聚。
auditory nerve: the nerve within the ear that carries impulses to the brain for interpretation.
听神经：耳内的神经，向大脑传递脉冲以进行解释。
autonomic nervous system: a subdivision of the peripheral nervous system, which is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
自主神经系统：周围神经系统的细分，分为交感神经系统和副交感神经系统。
autosomes: the 22 pairs of human chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes.
常染色体：不是性染色体的22对人类染色体。
autotrophic: certain bacteria that synthesize their own foods.
自养性：某些能够合成自身食物的细菌。
axon: the long extension of a neuron.
轴突：神经元的长距离延伸。
bacilli: the rod-shaped bacteria (singular, bacillus).
杆菌：杆状细菌（奇异杆菌）。
bark: the structure of vascular plants formed between the phloem and the cork.
树皮：在韧皮部和软木之间形成的维管植物的结构。
bases: compounds that attract hydrogen atoms when placed in water.
碱：置于水中时会吸引氢原子的化合物。
basophils: the white blood cells that function in allergic responses.
嗜碱性粒细胞：在变态反应中起作用的白细胞。
bicuspid (mitral) valve: the valve that leads into the left ventricle of the human heart.
双尖瓣（二尖瓣）：通向人心脏左心室的瓣膜。
binomial name: the scientific name of an organism, which contains two elements.
二项式名称：有机体的科学名称，包含两个元素。
biomass: the total dry weight of food at each level of the food pyramid.
生物量：食物金字塔各个层次上食物的总干重。
biome: a group of communities dominated by a particular climax community, such as deserts, forests, and prairies.
生物群落：由特定高潮群落（例如沙漠，森林和草原）主导的一组群落。
biosphere: the blanket of living things that surrounds the substratum of the earth.
生物圈：围绕地球底层的生物毯。
blastocyst: a hollow ball of cells resulting after the morula has passed through the Fallopian tubes and enters the female uterus.
胚泡：桑通过输卵管进入雌性子宫后形成的细胞空心球。
blood clotting: the process in which platelets adhere to the walls of damaged blood vessels, setting off a series of processes leading to the formation of a patchy mesh at the injury site.
血液凝结：血小板粘附在受损血管壁上的过程，引起一系列过程，导致受伤部位形成斑片状网状物。
bronchi: two large tubes at the lower end of the trachea (singular, bronchus).
支气管：气管下端的两个大管子（单支，支气管）。
bronchioles: the branches formed from the bronchi.
细支气管：由支气管形成的分支。
capillaries: the microscopic blood vessels between the arteries and the veins.
毛细血管：动脉和静脉之间的微观血管。
carbohydrates: the primary energy source for living things; composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
碳水化合物：生物的主要能源；由碳，氢和氧组成。
cardiac muscle: the involuntary muscle found in the heart; contains actin and myosin filaments.
心肌：在心脏中发现的非自愿肌肉；包含肌动蛋白和肌球蛋白丝。
carnivores: animals that eat other animals.
食肉动物：吃其他动物的动物。
carrying capacity: a situation when a population has reached the maximum size that the environment can support.
承载能力：人口达到环境可以支持的最大规模的情况。
catabolism: the breakdown or digestion of large, complex molecules.
分解代谢：大的复杂分子的分解或消化。
cecum: a blind sac that is the meeting point of the small and large intestines.
盲肠：盲肠囊，是大小肠的汇合点。
cerebellum: a portion of the hindbrain that serves as a coordinating center for motor activity.
小脑：后脑的一部分，作为运动活动的协调中心。
cell body: the main portion of the nerve cell.
细胞体：神经细胞的主要部分。
cell cycle: many repetitions of cellular growth and reproduction; divided into interphase and mitosis.
细胞周期：细胞生长和繁殖的许多重复；分为间期和有丝分裂。
cell-mediated immunity: the process in which the T lymphocytes interact with the microorganisms cell-to-cell and destroy them.
细胞介导的免疫：T淋巴细胞与微生物在细胞间相互作用并破坏它们的过程。
cells: the fundamental units of living things.
细胞：生物的基本单位。
cellular respiration: the process by which animals and other organisms obtain the energy available in carbohydrates.
细胞呼吸：动物和其他生物体获取碳水化合物中可用能量的过程。
cell wall: a strong membrane outside the plasma membrane present in certain cells, such as bacteria and plants.
细胞壁：某些细胞（例如细菌和植物）中存在于质膜外的坚固膜。
centriole: a cylinder-like organelle that assists in chromosomal migration during mitosis.
中心体：圆柱状细胞器，在有丝分裂过程中协助染色体迁移。
centromere: the place of attachment of the two homologous chromatids during prophase in mitosis.
着丝粒：有丝分裂前期两个同源染色单体的附着位置。
cerebrum: the portion of the forebrain that controls higher mental activity, such as learning, memory, logic, creativity, and emotion.
大脑：控制较高的心理活动（如学习，记忆，逻辑，创造力和情感）的前脑部分。
cervix: the opening at the lower end of the uterus.
子宫颈：子宫下端的开口。
chemiosmosis: the subdivision of cellular respiration in which the energy given off by electrons is used to pump protons across a membrane and synthesize ATP.
化学渗透：细胞呼吸的细分，其中电子释放的能量用于将质子泵过膜并合成ATP。
chemoreceptors: the specialized receptor cells that transmit smell and taste.
化学感受器：传递气味和味道的专门受体细胞。
chlorophyll: green pigment that makes up a photosystem that absorbs energy from the sun during photosynthesis.
叶绿素：构成光系统的绿色色素，在光合作用过程中吸收太阳的能量。
chloroplast: an organelle within green plants in which photosynthesis occurs.
叶绿体：绿色植物中发生光合作用的细胞器。
chordates: animals with rods along their backs, including reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals.
脊索动物：背上有杆的动物，包括爬行动物，两栖动物，鸟类和哺乳动物。
chromatin: compacted DNA and protein.
染色质：紧密的DNA和蛋白质。
chromosomes: linear units of DNA.
染色体：DNA的线性单位。
chyme: a soupy liquid formed in the stomach from the churning of the bolus with gastric juices.
食糜：食糜与胃液搅动后在胃中形成的稀汤液。
circulatory system: the transport system in animals.
循环系统：动物的运输系统。
class: a grouping of similar orders.
类别：一组类似的订单。
cocci: spherical bacteria (singular, coccus).
球菌：球形细菌（奇异球菌）。
cochlea: a snail-like series of coiled tubes within the skull that assist hearing.
耳蜗：头骨内一系列类似蜗牛的螺旋管，有助于听力。
coenzymes: organic molecules that act as cofactors, such as NAD and FAD.
辅酶：充当辅因子的有机分子，例如NAD和FAD。
cofactors: ions or molecules that associate with enzymes and are required for enzymatic reactions to take place.
辅因子：与酶结合并发生酶促反应所需的离子或分子。
commensalism: a relationship in which one population receives a benefit from an association while the other is neither benefited nor harmed.
共谋主义：一种关系，在这种关系中，一个人从社团中获得收益，而另一个人既没有收益，也没有受到伤害。
community: a situation in which populations of organisms each contain a habitat and a niche.
群落：一种情况，其中每个生物种群都包含一个栖息地和一个生态位。
comparative anatomy: comparing the anatomical structures of modern day organisms with fossils to yield clues to the type of organisms that roamed earth long ago.
比较解剖学：比较现代生物与化石的解剖结构，以提供有关很久以前漫游地球的生物类型的线索。
comparative biochemistry: the comparison of biochemical processes of modern day organisms with fossils and ancient species; modern biochemistry indicates there is a biochemical similarity in all living things.
比较生化：比较现代生物与化石和古代物种的生化过程；现代生物化学表明，所有生物都有生物化学的相似性。
compound: a collection of molecules.
化合物：分子的集合。
cone cells: cells of the eye that detect color.
视锥细胞：检测颜色的眼睛细胞。
consumers: the organisms within an ecosystem that meet their energy needs by feeding on the producers.
消费者：生态系统中的生物，以生产者为食，可以满足其能源需求。
decomposers: the organisms of decay; usually bacteria and fungi.
分解者：腐烂的生物；通常是细菌和真菌。
dendrites: the short extensions of the neuron.
树突：神经元的短延伸。
deoxyribose: the five-carbon carbohydrate attached to purine or pyrimidine bases within DNA molecules.
脱氧核糖：附着在DNA分子内嘌呤或嘧啶碱基上的五碳碳水化合物。
dermal tissue: the tissue that functions to protect the plant from injury and water loss and covers the outside of the plant.
真皮组织：用于保护植物免受伤害和水分流失并覆盖植物外部的组织。
diffusion: the movement of molecules through a membrane from a region of high concentration to low concentration.
扩散：分子从高浓度区域到低浓度区域通过膜的运动。
diploid cells: having two sets of chromosomes.
二倍体细胞：具有两组染色体。
diploid nuclei: contained within a mass of cytoplasm within cellular slime molds.
二倍体核：包含在细胞粘液霉菌中的大量细胞质内。
disaccharides: sugars composed of two molecules.
二糖：由两个分子组成的糖。
DNA deoxyribonucleic acid: a double helix nucleotide molecule containing deoxyribose, nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group; contains the genetic information from which amino acids are determined.
DNA脱氧核糖核酸：包含脱氧核糖，含氮碱基和磷酸基团的双螺旋核苷酸分子；包含从中确定氨基酸的遗传信息。
DNA fingerprinting: a technique that uses electrophoresis to match DNA molecules to one another for identification purposes.
DNA指纹识别：一种通过电泳使DNA分子相互匹配以进行识别的技术。
DNA polymerase: the enzyme that joins all the nucleotide components to one another to form a long strand of nucleotides.
DNA聚合酶：一种将所有核苷酸成分彼此结合形成长核苷酸序列的酶。
DNA replication: the process by which cells replicate or synthesize their DNA; takes place during S phase of the cell division cycle.
DNA复制：细胞复制或合成其DNA的过程；发生在细胞分裂周期的S期。
domestic breeding: a process of directed evolution that brings about new forms that differ from ancestral stock.
国内育种：定向进化的过程，带来了不同于祖先种群的新形式。
dominant: an allele that expresses itself.
显性：表达自身的等位基因。
ductless glands: glands that have no ducts, such as the endocrine glands.
无导管腺体：没有导管的腺体，例如内分泌腺体。
duodenum: the first 10 to 12 inches of the small intestine in which most of the chemical digestion takes place.
十二指肠：小肠的前10到12英寸，在其中进行大部分化学消化。
eardrum: the tympanic membrane that receives vibrations from the outer ear.
耳膜：鼓膜可接收来自外耳的振动。
ecosystems: systems formed from the interactions between communities and their physical environments.
生态系统：由社区及其自然环境之间的相互作用形成的系统。
endosperm: the female tissue that encloses the seed within the angiosperms.
胚乳：将种子包裹在被子植物内的雌性组织。
entropy: the degree of disorder or randomness of a system.
熵：系统的无序程度或随机性。
environmental fitness: an individual’s ability to adapt to an environment and reproduce.
环境适应性：个体适应环境和繁殖的能力。
enzymes: proteins that catalyze the chemical reactions within cells.
酶：催化细胞内化学反应的蛋白质。
eosinophils: white blood cells whose functions are uncertain.
嗜酸性粒细胞：功能不确定的白细胞。
epididymis: the tube in which sperm cells mature.
附睾：精子细胞成熟的管子。
epiglottis: a thin flap of tissue that folds over the opening to the mammalian trachea during swallowing and prevents food from entering the trachea.
会厌：吞咽时在哺乳动物气管开口处折叠的薄组织瓣，可防止食物进入气管。
epinephrine: a hormone produced in the adrenal medulla that increases heart rate, blood pressure, and the blood supply to skeletal muscle.
肾上腺素：一种在肾上腺髓质中产生的激素，可增加心率，血压和骨骼肌的血液供应。
erythrocytes: the red blood cells; disk-shaped cells produced in the bone marrow that have no nucleus; their cytoplasm is filled with hemoglobin to transport oxygen.
红细胞：红细胞；骨髓中没有核的盘状细胞；它们的细胞质中充满了血红蛋白以转运氧气。
erythropoietin: a hormone produced by the kidney cells that functions in the production of red blood cells.
促红细胞生成素：肾细胞产生的一种激素，在红细胞的产生中起作用。
esophagus: a thick-walled muscular tube located behind the windpipe that extends through the neck and chest to the stomach.
食道：位于气管后面的厚壁肌肉管，穿过颈部和胸部到达胃部。
estrogen: a hormone produced by the ovaries that stimulates the development of secondary female characteristics.
雌激素：卵巢产生的一种激素，可刺激女性继发性特征的发展。
eubacteria: modern bacteria.
真细菌：现代细菌。
eukaryotes: cells that contain a nucleus and internal cellular bodies called organelles.
真核生物：含有核和称为细胞器的内部细胞体的细胞。
evolution: changes that occur within populations and organisms that make individuals able to adapt to their external environment.
进化：在种群和生物体内发生的变化，使个体能够适应其外部环境。
exergonic reaction: a chemical reaction in which energy is released.
激能反应：释放能量的化学反应。
exocrine glands: glands, such as the salivary glands, that deliver their enzymes via ducts.
外分泌腺：诸如唾液腺之类的腺体，通过导管传递其酶。
exoskeleton: the hard, protective, outer covering of arthropods and mollusks.
外骨骼：节肢动物和软体动物的坚硬，防护性的外壳。
facilitated diffusion: the movement of molecules across a membrane from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration that is assisted by proteins.
促进扩散：借助蛋白质，分子从高浓度区域到低浓度区域跨膜移动。
Fallopian tubes: the passageways that egg cells enter after release from the ovaries; also called oviducts.
输卵管：卵子从卵巢释放后进入的通道；也称为输卵管。
family: similar genera classified together.
家族：将相似的属归为一类。
fats: lipids composed of a glycerol and fatty acids.
脂肪：由甘油和脂肪酸组成的脂质。
fatty acids: long chains of carbon atoms with carboxyl groups at one end.
脂肪酸：一端带有羧基的碳原子长链。
feeding pattern: the pattern in which animals obtain their nutrients.
喂养方式：动物获取营养的方式。
fermentation: an anaerobic process in which energy can be released from glucose even though oxygen is not available; occurs in yeast cells.
发酵：一种无氧过程，即使没有氧气也可以从葡萄糖释放能量；发生在酵母细胞中。
genus: a grouping of similar species (plural, genera).
属：一组相似的物种（复数，属）。
geographic distribution: the distribution of species in geographical areas.
地理分布：物种在地理区域中的分布。
geotropism: the turning of a plant away from or toward the earth.
地缘性：植物远离或转向地球的转向。
glial cells: the cells of the nervous system that support, protect, and nourish the neurons.
胶质细胞：支持，保护和滋养神经元的神经系统细胞。
glomerulus: a ball of capillaries that comprises Bowman’s capsule in the human kidney.
肾小球：毛细血管球，在人肾中包含鲍曼氏囊。
glottis: a slitlike structure at the opening to the mammalian trachea.
声门：在哺乳动物气管开口处的缝状结构。
glucagon: a hormone produced in the pancreas that stimulates the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver.
胰高血糖素：胰脏中产生的一种激素，可刺激肝糖原分解为葡萄糖。
haploid: cells containing one copy of each chromosome.
单倍体：每个染色体包含一个副本的细胞。
hemoglobin: a red pigment that binds oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules and carries them through the bloodstream.
血红蛋白：一种红色素，可以结合氧气和二氧化碳分子并使它们通过血流。
herbivores: animals that eat plants.
草食动物：吃植物的动物。
heterotrophic: species that acquire food from organic matter.
异养性：从有机物质中获取食物的物种。
heterozygous: two different alleles that are present for a particular characteristic.
杂合子：针对特定特征存在的两个不同等位基因。
hindbrain: the portion of the brain that consists of the medulla, pons, and cerebellum.
后脑：由髓质，脑桥和小脑组成的大脑部分。
histones: nuclear proteins that coil DNA molecules.
组蛋白：缠绕DNA分子的核蛋白。
homeostasis: the process in which the internal environment exists at a steady-state equilibrium despite changes in the external environment.
稳态：尽管外部环境发生变化，但内部环境仍处于稳态平衡的过程。
homeothermic: animals that can maintain a constant body temperature.
体温疗法：可以保持恒定体温的动物。
homozygous: two identical alleles that are present for a particular characteristic.
纯合子：针对特定特征存在的两个相同的等位基因。
hormones: biochemical substances produced within plant or animal cells, or glands, that exert a particular effect.
激素：在植物或动物细胞或腺体内产生的生化物质，具有特殊作用。
hydrostatic skeleton: a water-based skeleton present in many animals (such as the earthworm) that lack structures, such as bone, for muscles to pull against.
静水骨架：许多动物（例如软体虫）中存在的一种水基骨架，缺少骨骼等结构，肌肉无法依靠。
hypothalamus: the portion of the forebrain that serves as the control center for hunger, thirst, body temperature, and blood pressure.
下丘脑：前脑的一部分，用作饥饿，口渴，体温和血压的控制中心。
ileum: the final 12 feet of the small intestine.
回肠：最后十二英尺的小肠。
immune response: the stimulation of B and T lymphocytes.
免疫反应：刺激B和T淋巴细胞。
incomplete dominance: an allele combination in which two characteristics blend and both alleles can express themselves; one example is red, white, and pink snapdragons.
不完全优势：等位基因组合，其中两个特征融合并且两个等位基因都可以表达自己； 一个例子是红色，白色和粉红色的金鱼草。
inner cell mass: a group of cells that continues to develop at one end of the blastocyst.
内部细胞团：在胚泡一端继续发育的一组细胞。
interneuron: a type of neuron that connects sensory and motor neurons and carries stimuli in the brain and spinal cord.
中间神经元：一种连接感觉和运动神经元并在大脑和脊髓中进行刺激的神经元。
jejunum: the second 10 inches of the small intestine.
空肠：小肠的第二个10英寸。
kinetochore: a region of DNA that has remained undivided during prophase of mitosis; binds to the spindle fibers that eventually pull apart the sister chromatids.
线粒体：在有丝分裂的前期未分裂的DNA区域； 与纺锤丝结合，最终将姐妹染色单体分开。
kingdom: the largest and broadest category of the classification system.
王国：分类系统中最大和最广泛的类别。
Krebs cycle: the subdivision of cellular respiration in which pyruvic acid is broken down and the energy in its molecules is used to form high-energy compounds.
克雷布斯循环：细胞呼吸的细分，其中丙酮酸被分解，其分子中的能量用于形成高能化合物。
larynx: the voice box of mammals, formed from several folds of cartilage at the upper end of the trachea.
喉：哺乳动物的语音盒，由气管上端的几层软骨形成。
left atrium: the chamber of the human heart that receives oxygen-rich blood via the pulmonary vein.
左心房：通过肺静脉接收富氧血液的人心脏腔。
left ventricle: the chamber of the human heart in which oxygen-rich blood enters through the bicuspid valve that leads into the aorta.
左心室：人心脏的腔室，其中富氧的血液通过二尖瓣进入主动脉。
lysosome: an organelle within eukaryotic cells; a drop like sac filled with enzymes used for digestion within the cell.
溶酶体：真核细胞内的细胞器； 充满了用于细胞内消化的酶的液滴状囊。
mammals: milk-producing animals.
哺乳动物：产奶动物。
marsupials: the mammals whose embryos develop within the mother’s uterus for a short period of time before birth.
有袋动物：在出生前的短时间内胚胎在母亲子宫内发育的哺乳动物。
medulla: the inner portion of the adrenal glands; a swelling at the tip of the hindbrain that serves as the passageway for nerves extending to and from the brain.
延髓：肾上腺的内部； 后脑尖端的肿胀，是进入和离开大脑的神经的通道。
meiosis: the process by which the chromosome number is halved during gamete formation.
减数分裂：配子形成过程中染色体数目减半的过程。
menstruation: the process by which the endometrium is released in females.
月经：女性子宫内膜释放的过程。
meristematic tissue: the growth tissue; the location of most cell division of vascular plants.
分生组织：生长组织； 维管植物大多数细胞分裂的位置。
mesoderm: one of three germ layers that develops to become the muscles and other internal organs.
中胚层：发育成肌肉和其他内部器官的三个胚层之一。
metabolism: the rapid turnover of chemical materials; involves the release or use of chemical energy.
代谢：化学物质的快速周转； 涉及释放或使用化学能。
metaphase: the stage during mitosis in which the pairs of chromatids line up on the equatorial plate.
中期：有丝分裂的阶段，成对的染色单体在赤道板上排列。
nerve chord: also called a spinal cord; a hollow structure that extends the length of the animal just above the notochord.
神经弦：也称为脊髓； 一种中空结构，可在正弦上方延伸动物的长度。
nerve impulse: an electrochemical event that occurs within the neuron.
神经冲动：发生在神经元内的电化学事件。
nerve roots: the 31 pairs of projections that extend out along each side of the spinal cord; the sites of axons of the sensory and motor neurons.
神经根：沿着脊髓的每一侧延伸的31对突起； 感觉和运动神经元的轴突部位。
nerves: bundles of axons bound together.
神经：成束的轴突结合在一起。
neuroglia: the glial cells together with the extracellular tissue.
神经胶质细胞：神经胶质细胞与细胞外组织。
neuron: a nerve cell.
神经元：神经细胞。
neurotransmitter: a chemical substance that accumulates in the synapse and increases the membrane permeability of the next dendrite.
神经递质：一种化学物质，会在突触中积聚并增加下一个树突的膜通透性。
neutrophils: the white blood cells that function in phagocytosis.
中性粒细胞：在吞噬作用中起作用的白细胞。
olfactory nerve: the nerve that carries the impulse from the nose to the brain for interpretation.
嗅觉神经：将冲动从鼻子传递到大脑进行解释的神经。
omnivores: animals that consume both plants and animals.
杂食动物：既消耗植物又消耗动物的动物。
oocytes: the developed oogonia in a female after the age of puberty.
卵母细胞：青春期后女性体内发育的卵母细胞。
oogonia: primitive egg cells that accumulate in the ovaries before a female is born.
卵子：原始卵细胞在女性出生前在卵巢中积累。
optic nerve: the nerve that carries impulses from the eye to the brain.
视神经：将脉冲从眼睛传递到大脑的神经。
order: a grouping of similar families.
顺序：一组相似的家庭。
organelles: microscopic bodies within the cytoplasm that perform distinct functions.
细胞器：细胞质内执行不同功能的微观物体。
osmosis: the movement of water molecules across a membrane from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.
渗透：水分子从高浓度区域到低浓度区域跨膜的运动。
paleontology: the science of locating, cataloging, and interpreting the life forms that existed in past millennia.
古生物学：定位，分类和解释近千年来存在的生命形式的科学。
pancreas: a large, glandular organ lying near the stomach that produces many of the enzymes used to digest food.
胰腺：位于胃附近的大的腺体器官，产生许多用于消化食物的酶。
parasites: organisms that attack living things and cause disease.
寄生虫：攻击生物并引起疾病的生物。
parasitism: a type of symbiosis in which one population benefits while the other is harmed.
寄生：一种共生类型，其中一个人口受益而另一人口受到伤害。
parasympathetic nervous system: a subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that returns the body to normal after an emergency.
副交感神经系统：自主神经系统的一部分，在紧急情况下可使身体恢复正常。
parathyroid glands: glands located on the posterior surfaces of the thyroid gland that produce parathyroid hormone.
甲状旁腺：位于甲状腺后表面的腺体，产生甲状旁腺激素。
pathogenic: organisms that cause human disease.
致病的：引起人类疾病的生物。
PCR: polymerase chain reaction; a technique used to amplify a gene of interest.
PCR：聚合酶链反应； 一种用于扩增目的基因的技术。
plant hormones: hormones that regulate the growth and development of many plants.
植物激素：调节许多植物生长发育的激素。
plasma: a straw-colored liquid composed primarily of water; the fluid portion of blood.
血浆：主要由水组成的稻草色液体； 血液的液体部分。
plasma cells: large antibody-producing cells derived from B lymphocytes when stimulated.
浆细胞：受刺激时源自B淋巴细胞的大型抗体产生细胞。
plasma membrane: also called a cell membrane; a membrane composed of lipids, proteins, and phospholipids.
质膜：也称为细胞膜； 由脂质，蛋白质和磷脂组成的膜。
plasmid: small circular DNA molecules often used as vectors to transform specific genes into cells.
质粒：小的环状DNA分子，通常用作将特定基因转化为细胞的载体。
platelets: small disk-shaped blood fragments produced in the bone marrow that serve as the starting material for blood clotting.
血小板：在骨髓中产生的小盘状血液碎片，是血液凝结的起始物质。
polygenic inheritance: the condition in which some characteristics are determined by an interaction of genes on several chromosomes or at several places on one chromosome; one example is human skin color.
多基因遗传：通过多个染色体上或一个染色体上多个位置上的基因相互作用来确定某些特征的条件； 一个例子是人类的肤色。
recessive: the allele overshadowed by the dominant allele.
隐性：等位基因被显性等位基因所遮盖。
recombinant DNA: DNA molecules that have been altered in some way during the process of genetic engineering or biotechnology.
重组DNA：在基因工程或生物技术过程中以某种方式改变的DNA分子。
red blood cells: also known as erythrocytes; cells that contain hemoglobin to transport oxygen.
红细胞：也称为红细胞；含有血红蛋白来运输氧气的细胞。
reflex arc: the simplest unit of nervous activity; involved in the detection of a stimulus in the environment by sensory nerve endings, followed by impulses that travel via the sensory neurons to the spinal cord.
反射弧：神经活动的最简单单位；参与通过感觉神经末梢检测环境刺激，然后通过感觉神经元到达脊髓的冲动。
renal arteries: arteries in which blood enters the kidney.
肾动脉：血液进入肾脏的动脉。
renal veins: veins in which blood exits the kidney.
肾静脉：血液从肾脏排出的静脉。
responsiveness: the ability of living things to respond to stimuli in the external environment.
反应能力：生物对外界环境中的刺激做出反应的能力。
resting potential: the inactive state of a neuron in which the cytoplasm is negatively charged with respect to the outside of the cell.
静息电位：神经元的非活动状态，其中细胞质相对于细胞外部带负电。
restriction enzymes: catalyze the opening of a DNA molecule at a “restriction” point; many leave dangling ends of DNA molecules at the point where the DNA has been opened.
限制酶：在“限制”点催化DNA分子的开放；许多人在打开DNA的地方留下了悬空的DNA分子末端。
retina: a single layer containing nerve cells within the eye.
视网膜：眼内含有神经细胞的单层。
RNA: ribonucleic acid; a nucleic acid produced during transcription that is complementary to a DNA strand; similar to DNA in structure but contains the carbohydrate ribose and the pyrimidine uracil rather than thymine.
RNA：核糖核酸； 在转录过程中产生的与DNA链互补的核酸； 与DNA相似，但含有碳水化合物核糖和嘧啶尿嘧啶而不是胸腺嘧啶。
RNA polymerase: the enzyme that moves along the DNA strand, reads the nucleotides one by one, and synthesizes a complementary mRNA molecule according to the principle of complementary base pairing.
RNA聚合酶：沿着DNA链移动，逐一读取核苷酸并根据互补碱基配对原理合成互补mRNA分子的酶。
rod cells: the cells of the eye that permit vision in dim light.
杆状细胞：眼睛的细胞，可以在昏暗的光线下进行视觉观察。
roots: the structures of vascular plants that anchor them to the ground and take in water and minerals from the soil.
根：维管束植物的结构，将它们锚定在地面上，并从土壤中吸收水和矿物质。
rough endoplasmic reticulum ER: studded with ribosomes; the site of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells.
粗面内质网ER：散布着核糖体； 真核细胞中蛋白质合成的位点。
salivary glands: the parotid glands, the submaxillary glands, and the sublingual glands that secrete saliva into the mouth.
唾液腺：将唾液分泌到口腔中的腮腺，颌下腺和舌下腺。
sarcolemma: the muscle cell membrane.
肌膜：肌细胞膜。
sarcomere: the functional unit of the muscle that contains thin actin filaments and thick myosin filaments.
肌节：肌的功能单位，包含细肌动蛋白丝和粗肌球蛋白丝。
scientific method: an orderly process of gaining information about the biological world.
科学方法：获得有关生物世界信息的有序过程。
scrotum: a pouch outside the male body that contains the testes.
阴囊：位于男性体外的一个囊袋，内有睾丸。
secretin: a hormone produced by digestive glands that influences digestive processes.
分泌素：由消化腺产生的影响消化过程的激素。
seedless: vascular plants the division Pteridophyta that includes the ferns.
无核的：维管束植物蕨类植物蕨类植物。
semen: a fluid secretion containing sperm and secretions from the prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and Cowper’s glands.
精液：一种液体分泌物，含有精子和前列腺，精囊和考珀氏腺的分泌物。
semilunar: valves two valves found in the pulmonary artery and the aorta.
半月瓣：在肺动脉和主动脉中发现两个瓣膜。
seminiferous: tubules coiled passageways in which sperm production takes place.
曲细精管：小管盘绕在其中的通道，精子产生在其中。
sensory neurons: neurons that receive stimuli from the external environment.
感觉神经元：从外部环境接受刺激的神经元。
S phase: the phase within the cell division cycle in which DNA is replicated.
S期：细胞分裂周期中复制DNA的阶段。
spinal cord: the white cord of tissue passing through the bony tunnel made by the vertebrae.
脊髓：穿过椎骨形成的骨隧道的组织白线。
spiracles: a series of openings on the body surface of terrestrial arthropods that open into tiny air tubes that assist in gas exchange.
气孔：陆生节肢动物的身体表面上的一系列开口，通向有助于气体交换的微小空气管。
spirilla: flexible spiral bacteria (singular, spirillum).
螺旋藻：柔韧的螺旋细菌（奇异的，螺旋藻）。
spirochetes: rigid spiral bacteria.
螺旋体：坚硬的螺旋细菌。
spleen: the site where red blood cells are destroyed; a reserve blood supply for the body.
脾脏：红细胞被破坏的部位； 为身体储备血液。
stamen: the structure of a flower that contains a thin, stemlike filament and an anther.
雄蕊：花的结构，包含细的茎状花丝和花药。
stomata: the pores within leaves surrounded by guard cells that regulate the rate of gas exchange, which regulates the rate of photosynthesis. (Singular, stoma.)
气孔：被保护细胞围绕的叶子内的孔，调节气体交换的速率，从而调节光合作用的速率。
striated muscle: skeletal muscle fiber that appears to be banded due to the presence of overlapping actin and myosin filaments; also called voluntary muscle.
横纹肌：由于肌动蛋白和肌球蛋白丝重叠而出现的骨骼肌纤维； 也称为自愿性肌肉。
substrate: the substance changed or acted on by an enzyme.
底物：被酶改变或作用的物质。
telophase: a phase during mitosis in which the chromosomes arrive at the opposite poles of the cell.
末期：有丝分裂期间的一个阶段，其中染色体到达细胞的相反两极。
telophase I: the phase during meiosis in which the nucleus reorganizes as the chromosomes become chromatin; cytoplasmic division takes place, resulting in two cells.
端粒期I：减数分裂过程中的阶段，随着染色体变成染色质，细胞核重组。发生细胞质分裂，产生两个细胞。
telophase II: the phase during meiosis II in which the chromosomes gather at the poles of the cells and form a mass of chromatin; the nuclear envelope develops, the nucleoli reappear, and the cells undergo cytokinesis.
末期II：减数分裂II期间的阶段，其中染色体聚集在细胞的两极并形成大量染色质。核被膜发达，核仁重新出现，细胞进行胞质分裂。
tendons: the connective tissue by which muscles are attached to bones.
肌腱：肌肉附着于骨骼的结缔组织。
testes: endocrine glands that secrete androgens; the male reproductive organs located in the scrotum.
睾丸：分泌雄激素的内分泌腺；位于阴囊的雄性生殖器官。
thalamus: a portion of the forebrain that integrates sensory impulses.
丘脑：前臂的一部分，整合了感觉冲动。
theory: a hypothesis that is confirmed through repeated experimentation.
理论：通过反复实验证实的假设。
thrombocytes: the starting material for blood clotting; also called platelets.
血小板：凝血的起始原料；也称为血小板。
thylakoids: membranes that make up the grana in chloroplasts; the actual site of photosynthesis within chloroplasts.
类囊体：在叶绿体中构成颗粒的膜；叶绿体中光合作用的实际位置。
thymosins: hormones secreted by the thymus gland that influence the development of the T lymphocytes of the immune system.
胸腺素：由胸腺分泌的激素，影响免疫系统T淋巴细胞的发育。
thymus gland: an endocrine gland in the neck tissues that secretes thymosins.
胸腺：在颈部组织中分泌胸腺素的内分泌腺。
tropism: the bending or turning response of a plant caused by external stimuli.
趋向性：由外部刺激引起的植物的弯曲或转向反应。
turgor pressure: the pressure exerted on a plant’s guard cells to open.
膨胀压力：施加在植物的保护细胞上的压力。
umbilical cord: the source of attachment of the fetus to the maternal blood supply.
脐带：胎儿依附于母体血液供应的来源。
urea: a component of urine that results from amino acid breakdown in the liver.
尿素：尿中的一种成分，由肝脏中的氨基酸分解产生。
ureters: tubes that carry waste from the kidneys to the urinary bladder for storage or release.
输尿管：将废物从肾脏运送到膀胱以进行储存或释放的导管。
urethra: the path in which urine flows from the bladder to the exterior; the tube within the penis that carries the sperm.
尿道：尿液从膀胱流到外部的路径； 阴茎内带有精子的管子。
uric acid: a component of urine that results from nucleic acid breakdown.
尿酸：核酸分解产生的尿液成分。
urinary bladder: the site where waste products are shipped from the kidney for storage or for release.
膀胱：从肾脏运送废物以储存或释放的场所。
urine: the product of the kidney; a watery solution of waste products, salts, organic compounds, uric acid, and urea.
尿液：肾脏的产物； 废品，盐，有机化合物，尿酸和尿素的水溶液。
vascular: plants with unprotected seeds gymnosperms; vascular plants that contain naked seeds, such as the conifers.
血管：裸子植物种子不受保护的植物； 含有裸露种子的维管植物，例如针叶树。
vectors: the carriers of DNA genes to be inserted into cells.
载体：要插入细胞的DNA基因的载体。
veins: channels through which fluid flows toward the heart.
静脉：流体流经心脏的通道。
vena cava: the major vein in the human heart; pumps oxygen-poor blood into the right atrium.
腔静脉：人心脏的主要静脉； 将贫氧的血液泵入右心房。
ventricle: a pumping chamber for blood to exit from the heart.
心室：血液从心脏流出的泵腔。
vertebrates: animals with backbones.
脊椎动物：有骨干的动物。
vessels: the main conducting vessels of the xylem found in the angiosperms.
血管：被子植物中木质部的主要传导血管。
virus: fragments of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat; may attack cells and replicate within the cells, destroying them.
病毒：被蛋白质外壳包裹的核酸片段； 可能攻击细胞并在细胞内复制，破坏它们。
vitamins: organic nutrients essential in trace amounts to the health of animals.
维生素：微量元素对动物健康至关重要。
xylem: the structure of vascular plants that conducts water and minerals upward from the roots.
木质部：从根部向上传导水和矿物质的维管植物的结构。
zygote: a fertilized egg cell, which is diploid.
合子：受精卵细胞，是二倍体。
对生物Biology课程有疑问，想寻求进一步学术帮助？欢迎联系StudyGate，各类理工商科写作答疑解惑，为你的留学之路倾情助力！
StudyGate 生物Biology辅导服务内容包括：Biology Research Paper、Biology Lab Report、Biology Assignment、Biology Short answers、生物数据分析、实验图像分析等。
生物Biology辅导下单流程
Step 1：提交作业要求
三分钟即可完成下单，下单时可以选择作业需要的时间和具体要求。
Step 2：选择专业导师
作业提交成功之后，导师审核要求，确认之后会联系报价，可自由选择专业学科相关导师，并且确认作业最终价格。
Step 3：完成订单, 准时交付
导师开始处理订单。在此期间有任何问题，都可以登录账号和导师随时沟通。作业完成后，系统自动发送至你的邮箱，所有信息安全保密。你也可以登录账号直接下载。
Step 4：收到答案14天之内确认，100%满意保证
收到作业之后14天之内，如果对作业有任何问题，都可以联系导师进行修改。100%满意保证，只有你选择满意答案之后，我们才会扣款，安全有保障。
Step 5：对导师提出评价
我们拥有严格的导师考核评价机制，服务好不好，全由你说了算！你的认同是我们前进的动力。
还想了解更多内容？对生物Biology作业代写还有其他问题？欢迎随时访问StudyGate官网！