\u603b\u9700\u6c42\u66f2\u7ebf\uff08aggregate-demand curve\uff09\u8868\u793a\u5728\u6bcf\u4e00\u79cd\u7269\u4ef7\u6c34\u5e73\u65f6\uff0c\u5bb6\u5ead\u3001\u4f01\u4e1a\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u5916\u56fd\u5ba2\u6237\u60f3\u8981\u8d2d\u4e70\u7684\u7269\u54c1\u4e0e\u52b3\u52a1\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u66f2\u7ebf\u3002<\/p>\n
\u603b\u4f9b\u7ed9\u66f2\u7ebf\uff08aggregate-supply curve\uff09\u8868\u793a\u5728\u6bcf\u4e00\u79cd\u7269\u4ef7\u6c34\u5e73\u65f6\uff0c\u4f01\u4e1a\u9009\u62e9\u751f\u4ea7\u5e76\u9500\u552e\u7684\u7269\u54c1\u4e0e\u52b3\u52a1\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u66f2\u7ebf\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5347\u503c\uff08appreciation\uff09\u6309\u6240\u80fd\u8d2d\u4e70\u5230\u7684\u5916\u56fd\u901a\u8d27\u91cf\u8861\u91cf\u7684\u4e00\u56fd\u901a\u8d27\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u589e\u52a0\u3002<\/p>\n
\u81ea\u52a8\u7a33\u5b9a\u5668 \uff08automatic stabilizers\uff09\u5f53\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8fdb\u5165\u8870\u9000\u65f6\uff0c\u51b3\u7b56\u8005\u4e0d\u5fc5\u91c7\u53d6\u4efb\u4f55\u6709\u610f\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u523a\u6fc0\u603b\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u8d22\u653f\u653f\u7b56\u53d8\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8d38\u6613\u5e73\u8861\uff08balanced trade\uff09\u51fa\u53e3\u7b49\u4e8e\u8fdb\u53e3\u7684\u72b6\u51b5\u3002<\/p>\n
\u503a\u5238\uff08bond\uff09\u4e00\u79cd\u503a\u52a1\u8bc1\u660e\u4e66\u3002<\/p>\n
\u9884\u7b97\u8d64\u5b57\uff08budget deficit\uff09\u653f\u5e9c\u652f\u51fa\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u7a0e\u6536\u6536\u5165\u77ed\u7f3a\u3002<\/p>\n
\u9884\u7b97\u76c8\u4f59\uff08budget surplus\uff09\u7a0e\u6536\u6536\u5165\u5927\u4e8e\u653f\u5e9c\u652f\u51fa\u7684\u4f59\u989d\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8d44\u672c\u5916\u9003\uff08capital flight\uff09\u4e00\u56fd\u8d44\u4ea7\u9700\u6c42\u5927\u91cf\u4e14\u7a81\u7136\u5730\u51cf\u5c11\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8ffd\u8d76\u6548\u5e94\uff08catch-up effect\uff09\u5f00\u59cb\u65f6\u8d2b\u7a77\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u6bd4\u5f00\u59cb\u65f6\u5bcc\u88d5\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u589e\u957f\u66f4\u5feb\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e2d\u592e\u94f6\u884c\uff08central bank\uff09\u4e3a\u4e86\u76d1\u7ba1\u94f6\u884c\u4f53\u7cfb\u548c\u8c03\u8282\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e2d\u7684\u8d27\u5e01\u91cf\u800c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u673a\u6784\u3002<\/p>\n
\u53e4\u5178\u4e8c\u5206\u6cd5\uff08classical dichotomy\uff09\u540d\u4e49\u53d8\u91cf\u548c\u771f\u5b9e\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u533a\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5c01\u95ed\u7ecf\u6d4e\uff08closed economy\uff09\u4e0d\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u5176\u4ed6\u7ecf\u6d4e\u76f8\u4e92\u4ea4\u6613\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3002<\/p>\n
\u96c6\u4f53\u8c08\u5224\uff08collective bargaining\uff09\u5de5\u4f1a\u548c\u4f01\u4e1a\u5c31\u5c31\u4e1a\u6761\u4ef6\u8fbe\u6210\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5546\u54c1\u8d27\u5e01\uff08commodity money\uff09\u4ee5\u6709\u5185\u5728\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u7684\u5546\u54c1\u4e3a\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u8d27\u5e01\u3002<\/p>\n
\u590d\u5229\uff08compounding\uff09\u8d27\u5e01\u91cf\u7684\u7d2f\u79ef\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u8bf4\u94f6\u884c\u8d26\u6237\u4e0a\u8d27\u5e01\u91cf\u7684\u7d2f\u79ef\uff0c\u5373\u8d5a\u5f97\u7684\u5229\u606f\u4ecd\u7559\u5728\u8d26\u6237\u4e0a\u4ee5\u8d5a\u53d6\u672a\u6765\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5229\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6d88\u8d39\u7269\u4ef7\u6307\u6570\uff08consumer price index, CPI\uff09\u666e\u901a\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u6240\u8d2d\u4e70\u7684\u7269\u54c1\u4e0e\u52b3\u52a1\u7684\u603b\u8d39\u7528\u7684\u8861\u91cf\u6307\u6807\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6d88\u8d39\uff08consumption\uff09\u5bb6\u5ead\u9664\u8d2d\u4e70\u65b0\u4f4f\u623f\u4e4b\u5916\u7528\u4e8e\u7269\u54c1\u4e0e\u52b3\u52a1\u7684\u652f\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6324\u51fa\uff08crowding out\uff09\u653f\u5e9c\u501f\u6b3e\u6240\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u6295\u8d44\u51cf\u5c11\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6324\u51fa\u6548\u5e94\uff08crowding-out effect\uff09\u5f53\u6269\u5f20\u6027\u8d22\u653f\u653f\u7b56\u5f15\u8d77\u5229\u7387\u4e0a\u5347\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u51cf\u5c11\u4e86\u6295\u8d44\u652f\u51fa\u65f6\u6240\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u603b\u9700\u6c42\u51cf\u5c11\u3002<\/p>\n
\u901a\u8d27\uff08currency\uff09\u516c\u4f17\u624b\u4e2d\u6301\u6709\u7684\u7eb8\u5e01\u949e\u7968\u548c\u94f8\u5e01\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5468\u671f\u6027\u5931\u4e1a\uff08cyclical unemployment\uff09\u5931\u4e1a\u7387\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u5931\u4e1a\u7387\u7684\u80cc\u79bb\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6d3b\u671f\u5b58\u6b3e\uff08demand deposits\uff09\u50a8\u6237\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u5f00\u652f\u7968\u800c\u968f\u65f6\u652f\u53d6\u7684\u94f6\u884c\u8d26\u6237\u4f59\u989d\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8d2c\u503c\uff08depreciation\uff09\u6309\u6240\u80fd\u8d2d\u4e70\u5230\u7684\u5916\u56fd\u901a\u8d27\u91cf\u8861\u91cf\u7684\u4e00\u56fd\u901a\u8d27\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u51cf\u5c11\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8427\u6761\uff08depression\uff09\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u8870\u9000\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6536\u76ca\u9012\u51cf\uff08diminishing returns\uff09\u968f\u7740\u6295\u5165\u91cf\u7684\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u5355\u4f4d\u989d\u5916\u6295\u5165\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u6536\u76ca\u51cf\u5c11\u7684\u7279\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8d34\u73b0\u7387\uff08discount rate\uff09\u7f8e\u8054\u50a8\u5411\u94f6\u884c\u53d1\u653e\u8d37\u6b3e\u7684\u5229\u7387\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e27\u5931\u4fe1\u5fc3\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\uff08discouraged workers\uff09\u60f3\u5de5\u4f5c\u4f46\u5df2\u653e\u5f03\u5bfb\u627e\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n
\u591a\u5143\u5316\uff08diversification\uff09\u901a\u8fc7\u7528\u5927\u91cf\u4e0d\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5c0f\u98ce\u9669\u4ee3\u66ff\u4e00\u79cd\u98ce\u9669\u6765\u964d\u4f4e\u98ce\u9669\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6548\u7387\u5de5\u8d44\uff08efficiency wages\uff09\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e3a\u4e86\u63d0\u9ad8\u5de5\u4eba\u751f\u4ea7\u6548\u7387\u800c\u652f\u4ed8\u7684\u9ad8\u4e8e\u5747\u8861\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u5de5\u8d44\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6709\u6548\u5e02\u573a\u5047\u8bf4\uff08efficient market hypothesis\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8d44\u4ea7\u4ef7\u683c\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u4e00\u79cd\u8d44\u4ea7\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u6240\u6709\u516c\u5f00\u7684\u3001\u53ef\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n
\u51fa\u53e3\uff08exports\uff09\u56fd\u5185\u751f\u4ea7\u800c\u5728\u56fd\u5916\u9500\u552e\u7684\u7269\u54c1\u4e0e\u52b3\u52a1\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8054\u90a6\u57fa\u91d1\u5229\u7387\uff08federal funds rate\uff09\u94f6\u884c\u5411\u53e6\u4e00\u5bb6\u94f6\u884c\u8fdb\u884c\u9694\u591c\u8d37\u6b3e\u65f6\u7684\u5229\u7387\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8054\u90a6\u50a8\u5907\uff08Federal Reserve, Fed\uff09\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u4e2d\u592e\u94f6\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6cd5\u5b9a\u8d27\u5e01\uff08fiat money\uff09\u6ca1\u6709\u5185\u5728\u4ef7\u503c\u3001\u7531\u653f\u5e9c\u6cd5\u4ee4\u786e\u5b9a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u901a\u8d27\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u8d27\u5e01\u3002<\/p>\n
\u91d1\u878d\u5b66\uff08finance\uff09\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u67d0\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u5185\u505a\u51fa\u5173\u4e8e\u914d\u7f6e\u8d44\u6e90\u548c\u5e94\u5bf9\u98ce\u9669\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\u3002<\/p>\n
\u91d1\u878d\u4e2d\u4ecb\u673a\u6784\uff08financial intermediaries\uff09\u50a8\u84c4\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u501f\u4ee5\u95f4\u63a5\u5730\u5411\u501f\u6b3e\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u8d44\u91d1\u7684\u91d1\u878d\u673a\u6784\u3002<\/p>\n
\u91d1\u878d\u5e02\u573a\uff08financial markets\uff09\u50a8\u84c4\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u501f\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u50cf\u501f\u6b3e\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u8d44\u91d1\u7684\u91d1\u878d\u673a\u6784\u3002<\/p>\n
\u91d1\u878d\u4f53\u7cfb\uff08financial system\uff09\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e2d\u4fc3\u4f7f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u50a8\u84c4\u4e0e\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u6295\u8d44\u76f8\u5339\u914d\u7684\u4e00\u7ec4\u673a\u6784\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4f01\u4e1a\u7279\u6709\u98ce\u9669\uff08firm-specific risk\uff09\u53ea\u5f71\u54cd\u4e00\u4e2a\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8d22\u653f\u653f\u7b56\uff08fiscal policy\uff09\u653f\u5e9c\u51b3\u7b56\u8005\u5bf9\u653f\u5e9c\u652f\u51fa\u548c\u7a0e\u6536\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u786e\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8d39\u96ea\u6548\u5e94\uff08Fisher effect\uff09\u540d\u4e49\u5229\u7387\u5bf9\u901a\u8d27\u81a8\u80c0\u7387\u6240\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u4e00\u5bf9\u4e00\u7684\u8c03\u6574\u3002<\/p>\n
\u90e8\u5206\u51c6\u5907\u91d1\u94f6\u884c\uff08fractional-reserve banking\uff09\u53ea\u628a\u90e8\u5206\u5b58\u6b3e\u4f5c\u4e3a\u51c6\u5907\u91d1\u7684\u94f6\u884c\u5236\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6469\u64e6\u6027\u5931\u4e1a\uff08frictional unemployment\uff09\u7531\u4e8e\u5de5\u4eba\u5bfb\u627e\u6700\u9002\u5408\u81ea\u5df1\u55dc\u597d\u548c\u6280\u80fd\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u9700\u8981\u65f6\u95f4\u800c\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u5931\u4e1a\u3002<\/p>\n
\u57fa\u672c\u9762\u5206\u6790\uff08fundamental analysis\uff09\u4e3a\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e00\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u800c\u5bf9\u5176\u4f1a\u8ba1\u62a5\u8868\u548c\u672a\u6765\u524d\u666f\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/p>\n
\u672a\u6765\u503c\uff08future value\uff09\u5728\u73b0\u884c\u5229\u7387\u65e2\u5b9a\u65f6\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u8d27\u5e01\u91cf\u5c06\u5e26\u6765\u672a\u6765\u8d27\u5e01\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n
GDP\u5e73\u51cf\u6307\u6570\uff08GDP deflator\uff09\u7528\u540d\u4e49 GDP \u4e0e\u771f\u5b9e GDP \u7684\u6bd4\u7387\u4e58\u4ee5 100 \u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u7269\u4ef7\u6c34\u5e73\u8861\u91cf\u6307\u6807\u3002<\/p>\n
\u653f\u5e9c\u8d2d\u4e70\uff08government purchase\uff09\u5730\u65b9\u3001\u5dde\u548c\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u7528\u8bed\u7269\u54c1\u4e0e\u52b3\u52a1\u7684\u652f\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\n
\u56fd\u5185\u751f\u4ea7\u603b\u503c\uff08gross domestic product, GDP\uff09\u5728\u67d0\u4e00\u65e2\u5b9a\u65f6\u671f\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5185\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6700\u7ec8\u7269\u54c1\u4e0e\u52b3\u52a1\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4eba\u529b\u8d44\u672c\uff08human capital\uff09\u5de5\u4eba\u901a\u8fc7\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u57f9\u8bad\u548c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e0e\u6280\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8fdb\u53e3\uff08imports\uff09\u56fd\u5916\u751f\u4ea7\u800c\u5728\u56fd\u5185\u9500\u552e\u7684\u7269\u54c1\u4e0e\u52b3\u52a1\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6307\u6570\u5316\uff08indexation\uff09\u6839\u636e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6216\u5408\u540c\u5bf9\u901a\u8d27\u81a8\u80c0\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u8fdb\u884c\u8d27\u5e01\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u81ea\u52a8\u8c03\u6574\u3002<\/p>\n
\u901a\u8d27\u81a8\u80c0\uff08inflation rate\uff09\u524d\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\u7269\u4ef7\u6307\u6570\u53d8\u52a8\u7684\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u3002<\/p>\n
\u901a\u8d27\u81a8\u80c0\u7a0e\uff08inflation tax\uff09\u653f\u5e9c\u901a\u8fc7\u521b\u9020\u8d27\u5e01\u800c\u7b79\u96c6\u7684\u6536\u5165\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4fe1\u606f\u6709\u6548\uff08informational efficiency\uff09\u4ee5\u7406\u6027\u65b9\u5f0f\u53cd\u6620\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u6709\u5173\u8d44\u4ea7\u4ef7\u683c\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6295\u8d44\uff08investment\uff09\u7528\u4e8e\u8d44\u672c\u8bbe\u5907\u3001\u5b58\u8d27\u548c\u5efa\u7b51\u7269\u7684\u652f\u51fa\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5bb6\u5ead\u7528\u4e8e\u8d2d\u4e70\u65b0\u4f4f\u623f\u7684\u652f\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5bfb\u627e\u5de5\u4f5c\uff08job search\uff09\u5728\u5de5\u4eba\u7684\u55dc\u597d\u4e0e\u6280\u80fd\u65e2\u5b9a\u65f6\u5de5\u4eba\u5bfb\u627e\u9002\u5f53\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n
\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\uff08labor force\uff09\u65e2\u5305\u62ec\u5c31\u4e1a\u8005\u53c8\u5305\u62ec\u5931\u4e1a\u8005\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\u603b\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n
\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u53c2\u5de5\u7387\uff08labor-force participation rate\uff09\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5360\u6210\u5e74\u4eba\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6d41\u52a8\u6027\uff08liquidity\uff09\u4e00\u79cd\u7f6e\u4ea7\u5151\u6362\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e2d\u4ea4\u6362\u5a92\u4ecb\u7684\u5bb9\u6613\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5b8f\u89c2\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\uff08macroeconomics\uff09\u7814\u7a76\u6574\u4f53\u7ecf\u6d4e\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u901a\u8d27\u81a8\u80c0\u3001\u5931\u4e1a\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\u3002<\/p>\n
\u53ef\u8d37\u8d44\u91d1\u5e02\u573a\uff08market for loanable funds\uff09\u5411\u50a8\u84c4\u7684\u4eba\u501f\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b\u8d44\u91d1\u3001\u60f3\u501f\u94b1\u6295\u8d44\u7684\u4eba\u501f\u4ee5\u501f\u8d37\u8d44\u91d1\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5e02\u573a\u98ce\u9669\uff08market risk\uff09\u5f71\u54cd\u80a1\u5e02\u4e0a\u6240\u6709\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4ea4\u6362\u5a92\u4ecb\uff08medium of exchange\uff09\u4e70\u8005\u5728\u8d2d\u4e70\u7269\u54c1\u4e0e\u52b3\u52a1\u65f6\u7ed9\u4e88\u5356\u8005\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002<\/p>\n
\u83dc\u5355\u6210\u672c\uff08menu costs\uff09\u6539\u53d8\u4ef7\u683c\u7684\u6210\u672c\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5fae\u89c2\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\uff08microeconomics\uff09\u7814\u7a76\u5bb6\u5ead\u548c\u4f01\u4e1a\u5982\u4f55\u505a\u51fa\u51b3\u7b56\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5979\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u5e02\u573a\u4e0a\u76f8\u4e92\u4ea4\u6613\u3002<\/p>\n
\u603b\u9700\u6c42\u4e0e\u603b\u4f9b\u7ed9\u6a21\u578b\uff08model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply\uff09\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u7528\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6d3b\u52a8\u56f4\u7ed5\u5176\u957f\u671f\u8d8b\u52bf\u7684\u77ed\u671f\u6ce2\u52a8\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8d27\u5e01\u4e2d\u6027\uff08monetary neutrality\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8d27\u5e01\u4f9b\u7ed9\u53d8\u52a8\u5e76\u4e0d\u5f71\u54cd\u771f\u5b9e\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8d27\u5e01\u653f\u7b56\uff08monetary policy\uff09\u4e2d\u592e\u94f6\u884c\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u8005\u5bf9\u8d27\u5e01\u4f9b\u7ed9\u7684\u5b89\u6392\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8d27\u5e01\uff08money\uff09\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e2d\u4eba\u4eec\u7ecf\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u5411\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u8d2d\u4e70\u7269\u54c1\u4e0e\u52b3\u52a1\u7684\u4e00\u7ec4\u8d44\u4ea7\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8d27\u5e01\u4e58\u6570\uff08money multiplier\uff09\u94f6\u884c\u4f53\u7cfb\u75281\u7f8e\u5143\u51c6\u5907\u91d1\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u8d27\u5e01\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8d27\u5e01\u4f9b\u7ed9\uff08money supply\uff09\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e2d\u53ef\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u8d27\u5e01\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e58\u6570\u6548\u5e94\uff08multiplier effect\uff09\u5f53\u6269\u5f20\u6027\u8d22\u653f\u653f\u7b56\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u6536\u5165\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u6d88\u8d39\u652f\u51fa\u65f6\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u603b\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u989d\u5916\u53d8\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5171\u540c\u57fa\u91d1\uff08mutual fund\uff09\u5411\u516c\u4f17\u51fa\u552e\u80a1\u4efd\uff0c\u5e76\u7528\u6536\u5165\u6765\u8d2d\u4e70\u80a1\u7968\u4e0e\u503a\u5238\u8d44\u4ea7\u7ec4\u5408\u7684\u673a\u6784\u3002<\/p>\n
\u56fd\u6c11\u50a8\u84c4\uff08national saving\uff09\u5728\u7528\u4e8e\u6d88\u8d39\u548c\u653f\u5e9c\u8d2d\u4e70\u540e\u5269\u4e0b\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e2d\u7684\u603b\u6536\u5165\u3002<\/p>\n
\u81ea\u7136\u4ea7\u91cf\u7387\uff08natural rate of output\uff09\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5728\u957f\u671f\u4e2d\u5f53\u5931\u4e1a\u5904\u4e8e\u5176\u6b63\u5e38\u7387\u65f6\u8fbe\u5230\u7684\u7269\u54c1\u4e0e\u52b3\u52a1\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u3002<\/p>\n
\u81ea\u7136\u5931\u4e1a\u7387\uff08natural rate of unemployment\uff09\u5931\u4e1a\u7387\u56f4\u7ed5\u5b83\u800c\u6ce2\u52a8\u7684\u6b63\u5e38\u5931\u4e1a\u7387\u3002<\/p>\n
\u81ea\u7136\u8d44\u6e90\uff08natural resources\uff09\u7531\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u7528\u8bed\u751f\u4ea7\u7269\u54c1\u4e0e\u52b3\u52a1\u7684\u6295\u5165\uff0c\u5982\u571f\u5730\u3001\u6cb3\u6d41\u548c\u77ff\u85cf\u3002<\/p>\n
\u81ea\u7136\u7387\u5047\u8bf4\uff08natural-rate hypothesis\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\u65e0\u8bba\u901a\u8d27\u81a8\u80c0\u7387\u5982\u4f55\u3002\u5931\u4e1a\u6700\u7ec8\u8981\u56de\u5230\u5176\u6b63\u5e38\u7387\u6216\u81ea\u7136\u7387\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8d44\u672c\u51c0\u6d41\u51fa\uff08net capital outflow\uff09\u672c\u56fd\u5c45\u6c11\u8d2d\u4e70\u7684\u5916\u56fd\u8d44\u4ea7\u51cf\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u8d2d\u4e70\u7684\u56fd\u5185\u8d44\u4ea7\u3002<\/p>\n
\u51c0\u51fa\u53e3\uff08net export\uff09\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u5bf9\u56fd\u5185\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u7269\u54c1\u7684\u652f\u51fa\uff08\u51fa\u53e3\uff09\u51cf\u56fd\u5185\u5c45\u6c11\u5bf9\u5916\u56fd\u7269\u54c1\u7684\u7684\u652f\u51fa\uff08\u8fdb\u53e3\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n
\u540d\u4e49\u5229\u7387\uff08nominal exchange rate\uff09\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e00\u56fd\u901a\u8d27\u4ea4\u6362\u53e6\u4e00\u56fd\u901a\u8d27\u7684\u6bd4\u7387\u3002<\/p>\n
\u540d\u4e49GDP\uff08nominal GDP\uff09\u6309\u73b0\u671f\u4ef7\u683c\u8bc4\u4ef7\u7684\u7269\u54c1\u4e0e\u52b3\u52a1\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u3002<\/p>\n
\u540d\u4e49\u53d8\u91cf\uff08nominal variables\uff09\u6309\u8d27\u5e01\u5355\u4f4d\u8861\u91cf\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5f00\u653e\u7ecf\u6d4e\uff08open economy\uff09\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u5176\u4ed6\u7ecf\u6d4e\u81ea\u7531\u4ea4\u6613\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3002<\/p>\n
\u516c\u5f00\u5e02\u573a\u64cd\u4f5c\uff08open-market operations\uff09\u7f8e\u8054\u50a8\u4e70\u5356\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u503a\u5238\u3002<\/p>\n
\u83f2\u5229\u666e\u65af\u66f2\u7ebf\uff08Philips curve\uff09\u4e00\u6761\u8868\u793a\u901a\u8d27\u81a8\u80c0\u4e0e\u5931\u4e1a\u4e4b\u95f4\u77ed\u671f\u6743\u8861\u53d6\u820d\u7684\u66f2\u7ebf\u3002<\/p>\n
\u7269\u8d28\u8d44\u672c\uff08physical capital\uff09\u7528\u4e8e\u751f\u4ea7\u7269\u54c1\u4e0e\u52b3\u52a1\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\u548c\u5efa\u7b51\u7269\u5b58\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n
\u73b0\u503c\uff08present value\uff09\u7528\u73b0\u884c\u5229\u7387\u4ea7\u751f\u4e00\u5b9a\u91cf\u672a\u6765\u8d27\u5e01\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u73b0\u5728\u8d27\u5e01\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n
\u79c1\u4eba\u50a8\u84c4\uff08private saving\uff09\u5bb6\u5ead\u5728\u652f\u4ed8\u4e86\u7a0e\u6536\u548c\u6d88\u8d39\u4e4b\u540e\u5269\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u6536\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n
\u751f\u4ea7\u7269\u4ef7\u6307\u6570\uff08producer price index, PPI\uff09\u4f01\u4e1a\u8d2d\u4e70\u7684\u4e00\u7bee\u5b50\u7269\u54c1\u4e0e\u52b3\u52a1\u7684\u8d39\u7528\u7684\u8861\u91cf\u6307\u6807\u3002<\/p>\n
\u751f\u4ea7\u7387\uff08productivity\uff09\u6bcf\u5355\u4f4d\u52b3\u52a8\u6295\u4eba\u6240\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u7269\u54c1\u4e0e\u52b3\u52a1\u6570\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n
\u516c\u5171\u50a8\u84c4\uff08public saving\uff09\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u652f\u4ed8\u5176\u652f\u51fa\u540e\u5269\u4e0b\u7684\u7a0e\u6536\u6536\u5165\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8d2d\u4e70\u529b\u5e73\u4ef7\uff08purchasing-power parity\uff09\u4e00\u79cd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u5355\u4f4d\u65e2\u5b9a\u901a\u8d27\u5e94\u8be5\u80fd\u5728\u6240\u6709\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e70\u5230\u7b49\u91cf\u7269\u54c1\u7684\u6c47\u7387\u7406\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6570\u91cf\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\uff08quantity equitation\uff09\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f M\u00d7V=P\u00d7Y \u628a\u8d27\u5e01\u91cf\u3001\u8d27\u5e01\u6d41\u901a\u901f\u5ea6\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e2d\u7269\u54c1\u4e0e\u52b3\u52a1\u4ea7\u51fa\u7684\u7f8e\u5143\u4ef7\u503c\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8d27\u5e01\u6570\u91cf\u8bba\uff08quantity theory of money\uff09\u4e00\u79cd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53ef\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u8d27\u5e01\u91cf\u51b3\u5b9a\u7269\u4ef7\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u53ef\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u8d27\u5e01\u91cf\u7684\u589e\u957f\u7387\u51b3\u5b9a\u901a\u8d27\u81a8\u80c0\u7387\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n
\u968f\u673a\u884c\u8d70\uff08random walk\uff09\u4e00\u79cd\u53d8\u91cf\u53d8\u52a8\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u671f\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
\u7406\u6027\u9884\u671f\uff08rational expectations\uff09\u4e00\u79cd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5f53\u4eba\u4eec\u9884\u6d4b\u672a\u6765\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5145\u5206\u8fd0\u7528\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6709\u5173\u653f\u5e9c\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n
\u771f\u5b9e\u6c47\u7387\uff08real exchange rate\uff09\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e00\u56fd\u7269\u54c1\u4e0e\u52b3\u52a1\u4ea4\u6362\u53e6\u4e00\u56fd\u7269\u54c1\u4e0e\u52b3\u52a1\u7684\u6bd4\u7387\u3002<\/p>\n
\u771f\u5b9e GDP\uff08real GDP\uff09\u6309\u4e0d\u53d8\u4ef7\u683c\u8bc4\u4ef7\u7684\u7269\u54c1\u4e0e\u52b3\u52a1\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u3002<\/p>\n
\u771f\u5b9e\u5229\u7387\uff08real interest rate\uff09\u6839\u636e\u901a\u8d27\u81a8\u80c0\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u6821\u6b63\u8fc7\u7684\u5229\u7387\u3002<\/p>\n
\u771f\u5b9e\u53d8\u91cf\uff08real variables\uff09\u6309\u5b9e\u7269\u5355\u4f4d\u8861\u91cf\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8870\u9000\uff08recession\uff09\u771f\u5b9e\u6536\u5165\u4e0b\u964d\u548c\u5931\u4e1a\u589e\u52a0\u7684\u65f6\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n
\u51c6\u5907\u91d1\u7387\uff08reserve ratio\uff09\u94f6\u884c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u51c6\u5907\u91d1\u6301\u6709\u7684\u5b58\u6b3e\u6bd4\u4f8b\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6cd5\u5b9a\u51c6\u5907\u91d1\uff08reserve requirements\uff09\u5173\u4e8e\u94f6\u884c\u5fc5\u987b\u6839\u636e\u5176\u5b58\u6b3e\u6301\u6709\u7684\u6700\u4f4e\u51c6\u5907\u91d1\u91cf\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n
\u51c6\u5907\u91d1\uff08reserves\uff09\u94f6\u884c\u5f97\u5230\u4f46\u6ca1\u6709\u8d37\u51fa\u53bb\u7684\u5b58\u6b3e\u3002<\/p>\n
\u98ce\u9669\u538c\u6076\uff08risk aversion\uff09\u4e0d\u559c\u6b22\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n
\u727a\u7272\u7387\uff08sacrifice ratio\uff09\u5728\u901a\u8d27\u81a8\u80c0\u51cf\u5c11\u4e00\u4e2a\u767e\u5206\u70b9\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6bcf\u5e74\u4ea7\u91cf\u635f\u5931\u7684\u767e\u5206\u70b9\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n
\u76ae\u978b\u6210\u672c\uff08shoeleather cost\uff09\u5f53\u901a\u8d27\u81a8\u80c0\u9f13\u52b1\u4eba\u4eec\u51cf\u5c11\u8d27\u5e01\u6301\u6709\u91cf\u65f6\u6240\u6d6a\u8d39\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6ede\u80c0\uff08stagnation\uff09\u4ea7\u91cf\u51cf\u5c11\u800c\u7269\u4ef7\u4e0a\u5347\u7684\u65f6\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n
\u80a1\u7968\uff08stock\uff09\u4f01\u4e1a\u90e8\u5206\u6240\u6709\u6743\u7684\u7d22\u53d6\u6743\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4ef7\u503c\u50a8\u85cf\u624b\u6bb5\uff08store of value\uff09\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u628a\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u8d2d\u4e70\u529b\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u672a\u6765\u7684\u8d2d\u4e70\u529b\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002<\/p>\n
\u7f62\u5de5\uff08strike\uff09\u5de5\u4f1a\u6709\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5730\u4ece\u4f01\u4e1a\u64a4\u51fa\u52b3\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n
\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u5931\u4e1a\uff08structural unemployment\uff09\u7531\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e9b\u52b3\u52a8\u5e02\u573a\u4e0a\u53ef\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5c97\u4f4d\u6570\u91cf\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u60f3\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u4eba\u63d0\u4f9b\u5de5\u4f5c\u800c\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u5931\u4e1a\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4f9b\u7ed9\u51b2\u51fb\uff08supply shock\uff09\u76f4\u63a5\u6539\u53d8\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u6210\u672c\u548c\u4ef7\u683c\uff0c\u4f7f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e2d\u7684\u603b\u4f9b\u7ed9\u66f2\u7ebf\u79fb\u52a8\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u4f7f\u83f2\u5229\u666e\u65af\u66f2\u7ebf\u79fb\u52a8\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6280\u672f\u77e5\u8bc6\uff08technological knowledge\uff09\u793e\u4f1a\u5bf9\u751f\u4ea7\u7269\u54c1\u4e0e\u52b3\u52a1\u7684\u6700\u597d\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6d41\u52a8\u6027\u504f\u597d\u7406\u8bba\uff08theory of liquidity preference\uff09\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5229\u7387\u7684\u8c03\u6574\u4f7f\u8d27\u5e01\u4f9b\u7ed9\u4e0e\u8d27\u5e01\u9700\u6c42\u5e73\u8861\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8d38\u6613\u4f59\u989d\uff08trade balance\uff09\u4e00\u56fd\u7684\u51fa\u53e3\u503c\u51cf\u8fdb\u53e3\u503c\uff0c\u53c8\u79f0\u8fdb\u51fa\u53e3\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8d38\u6613\u8d64\u5b57\uff08trade deficit\uff09\u8fdb\u53e3\u5927\u4e8e\u51fa\u53e3\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8d38\u6613\u653f\u7b56\uff08trade policy\uff09\u76f4\u63a5\u5f71\u54cd\u4e00\u56fd\u8fdb\u53e3\u6216\u51fa\u53e3\u7684\u7269\u54c1\u4e0e\u52b3\u52a1\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u653f\u7b56\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8d38\u6613\u76c8\u4f59\uff08trade supply\uff09\u51fa\u53e3\u5927\u4e8e\u8fdb\u53e3\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5931\u4e1a\u4fdd\u9669\uff08unemployment insurance\uff09\u5f53\u5de5\u4eba\u5931\u4e1a\u65f6\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u90e8\u5206\u6536\u5165\u4fdd\u969c\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u8ba1\u5212\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5931\u4e1a\u7387\uff08unemployment rate\uff09\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u4e2d\u5931\u4e1a\u8005\u6240\u5360\u7684\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5de5\u4f1a\uff08union\uff09\u4e0e\u96c7\u4e3b\u8c08\u5224\u5de5\u8d44\u548c\u5de5\u4f5c\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\u534f\u4f1a\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8ba1\u4ef7\u5355\u4f4d\uff08unit of account\uff09\u4eba\u4eec\u7528\u6765\u8868\u793a\u4ef7\u683c\u548c\u8bb0\u5f55\u503a\u52a1\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8d27\u5e01\u6d41\u901a\u901f\u5ea6\uff08velocity of money\uff09\u8d27\u5e01\u6613\u624b\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5b8f\u89c2\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7406\u8bba Macroeconomic Theories<\/strong><\/h3>\n![\"\u5e38\u7528\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\"](\"https:\/\/www.studygate.com\/blog-cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/01\/\u5e38\u7528\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7406\u8bba-326x200.jpg\")
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Classical Economics: The granddaddy of macroeconomic theories stems from the groundbreaking work of Adam Smith, the father of modern economics. This theory is based on the notion that flexible prices ensure market equilibrium such that full-employment production is maintained. The primary policy implication is that government intervention is not needed to maintain economic stability.<\/p>\n
\u53e4\u5178\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\uff1a\u5b8f\u89c2\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u7956\u7236\u6765\u81ea\u73b0\u4ee3\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e4b\u7236\u4e9a\u5f53\u00b7\u53f2\u5bc6\u65af\uff08Adam Smith\uff09\u7684\u5f00\u521b\u6027\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002 \u8be5\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u4e8e\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5373\u7075\u6d3b\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u53ef\u786e\u4fdd\u5e02\u573a\u5747\u8861\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u7ef4\u6301\u5168\u804c\u751f\u4ea7\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u542b\u4e49\u662f\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u653f\u5e9c\u5e72\u9884\u6765\u7ef4\u6301\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7a33\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n
Keynesian Economics: Developed by its namesake, John Maynard Keynes, this theory was in response to the massive unemployment problems of the Great Depression of the 1930s. It rests on the presumption that aggregate demand for production is the primary source of business-cycle instability. The primary policy implication is that economic instability runs rampant without government intervention.<\/p>\n
\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66: \u8fd9\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u662f\u7531\u540c\u540d\u7684\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u6885\u7eb3\u5fb7\u00b7\u51ef\u6069\u65af\uff08John Maynard Keynes\uff09\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5e94\u5bf920\u4e16\u7eaa30\u5e74\u4ee3\u5927\u8427\u6761\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u5931\u4e1a\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5b83\u57fa\u4e8e\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u5047\u8bbe:\u751f\u4ea7\u603b\u9700\u6c42\u662f\u5546\u4e1a\u5468\u671f\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6839\u6e90\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u542b\u4e49\u662f\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5e72\u9884\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u4f1a\u8513\u5ef6\u3002<\/p>\n
Aggregate Market (AS-AD) Analysis: This theory is a synthesis between Classical economics and Keynesian economics that was created to help explain stagflation (high rates of both unemployment and inflation) that emerged in the 1970s. It represents the current, state-of-the-art macroeconomic theory. As such, it illustrates the how and why of policy implications found separately in Classical economics and Keynesian economics.<\/p>\n
\u603b\u4f53\u5e02\u573a\uff08AS-AD\uff09\u5206\u6790\uff1a\u8be5\u7406\u8bba\u662f\u53e4\u5178\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u548c\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7efc\u5408\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u5e2e\u52a9\u89e3\u91ca1970\u5e74\u4ee3\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u6ede\u80c0\uff08\u5931\u4e1a\u7387\u548c\u901a\u8d27\u81a8\u80c0\u7387\u5f88\u9ad8\uff09\u3002 \u5b83\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u5f53\u524d\u6700\u65b0\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u5728\u53e4\u5178\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u548c\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e2d\u5206\u522b\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u542b\u4e49\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u548c\u539f\u56e0\u3002<\/p>\n
IS-LM Analysis: This theory is a more advanced version of Keynesian economics that integrates the product market (the IS part of IS-LM) with the money or financial market (the LM part of IS-LM). In doing so, it provides insight into the role money and interest rates play in macroeconomic activity. It represents a step along the way between the Keynesian economics and the development of aggregate market (AS-AD) analysis.<\/p>\n
IS-LM\u5206\u6790\uff1a\u6b64\u7406\u8bba\u662f\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u66f4\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7248\u672c\uff0c\u5b83\u5c06\u4ea7\u54c1\u5e02\u573a\uff08IS-LM\u7684IS\u90e8\u5206\uff09\u4e0e\u8d27\u5e01\u6216\u91d1\u878d\u5e02\u573a\uff08IS-LM\u7684LM\u90e8\u5206\uff09\u96c6\u6210\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002 \u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u53ef\u4ee5\u6d1e\u6089\u8d27\u5e01\u548c\u5229\u7387\u5728\u5b8f\u89c2\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002 \u5b83\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e0e\u603b\u4f53\u5e02\u573a\u53d1\u5c55\uff08AS-AD\uff09\u5206\u6790\u4e4b\u95f4\u8fc8\u51fa\u7684\u4e00\u6b65\u3002<\/p>\n
Monetarism: Championed by Nobel Prize winner Milton Friedman, this theory places the quantity of money that circulates around the economy at the center of macroeconomic instability. Many of the key features of Monetarism are incorporated in IS-LM analysis and aggregate market (AS-AD) analysis.<\/p>\n
\u8d27\u5e01\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e00\u7406\u8bba\u5728\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5956\u83b7\u5f97\u8005\u7c73\u5c14\u987f\u00b7\u5f17\u91cc\u5fb7\u66fc\uff08Milton Friedman\uff09\u7684\u5021\u5bfc\u4e0b\uff0c\u5c06\u56f4\u7ed5\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6d41\u901a\u7684\u8d27\u5e01\u6570\u91cf\u7f6e\u4e8e\u5b8f\u89c2\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002 IS-LM\u5206\u6790\u548c\u603b\u4f53\u5e02\u573a\uff08AS-AD\uff09\u5206\u6790\u5c06\u8d27\u5e01\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u5173\u952e\u7279\u5f81\u7eb3\u5165\u5176\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n
New Classical Economics: This theory emerged in the 1970s as a rebirth of Classical economics. It contends that people have rational expectations about the consequences of government policies, which then negates the impact of the policies. As such, like Classical economics, the primary implication is the economy maintains full employment without the need for government intervention.<\/p>\n
\u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\uff1a\u8be5\u7406\u8bba\u57281970\u5e74\u4ee3\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53e4\u5178\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u91cd\u751f\u800c\u51fa\u73b0\u3002 \u5b83\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u653f\u5e9c\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u540e\u679c\u62b1\u6709\u7406\u6027\u7684\u671f\u671b\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5426\u5b9a\u4e86\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e0e\u53e4\u5178\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5176\u4e3b\u8981\u542b\u4e49\u662f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u65e0\u9700\u653f\u5e9c\u5e72\u9884\u5373\u53ef\u7ef4\u6301\u5145\u5206\u5c31\u4e1a\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5fae\u89c2\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7406\u8bba Microeconomic Theories<\/strong><\/h3>\n![\"\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\"](\"https:\/\/www.studygate.com\/blog-cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/01\/\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7406\u8bba.png\")
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Theory of Consumer Demand: relates goods and services consumption preference to consumption expenditure. Such a correlation provides a way for consumers, subject to budget constraints, to achieve a balance between expenses and preferences by optimizing utility.<\/p>\n
\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u9700\u6c42\u7406\u8bba\uff1a\u5c06\u5546\u54c1\u548c\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u6d88\u8d39\u504f\u597d\u4e0e\u6d88\u8d39\u652f\u51fa\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u3002 \u8fd9\u79cd\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u4e3a\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u5728\u9884\u7b97\u6709\u9650\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u901a\u8fc7\u4f18\u5316\u6548\u7528\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u8d39\u7528\u4e0e\u504f\u597d\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n
Theory of Production Input Value\uff1aAccording to the production input value theory, the price of any item or product is determined by the number of resources spent to create it. Cost may include several of the production factors (including land, capital, or labor) and taxation. Technology may be regarded as either circulating capital (e.g., intermediate goods) or fixed capital (e.g., an industrial plant).<\/p>\n
\u751f\u4ea7\u6295\u5165\u4ef7\u503c\u7406\u8bba\uff1a\u6839\u636e\u751f\u4ea7\u6295\u5165\u4ef7\u503c\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u7269\u54c1\u6216\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u5747\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5176\u751f\u4ea7\u6240\u82b1\u8d39\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u6570\u91cf\u3002 \u6210\u672c\u53ef\u80fd\u5305\u62ec\u4e00\u4e9b\u751f\u4ea7\u8981\u7d20\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u571f\u5730\uff0c\u8d44\u672c\u6216\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\uff09\u548c\u7a0e\u6536\u3002 \u6280\u672f\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u6d41\u52a8\u8d44\u672c\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u4e2d\u95f4\u4ea7\u54c1\uff09\u6216\u56fa\u5b9a\u8d44\u672c\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u5de5\u5382\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n
Production Theory\uff1aThe production theory in microeconomics explains how businesses decide on the quantity of raw material to be used and the quantity of items to be produced and sold. It defines a relationship between the quantity of the commodities and production factors on the one hand, and the price of the commodities and production factors on the other.<\/p>\n
\u751f\u4ea7\u7406\u8bba\uff1a\u5fae\u89c2\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u7406\u8bba\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u4f01\u4e1a\u5982\u4f55\u51b3\u5b9a\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u539f\u6750\u6599\u6570\u91cf\u4ee5\u53ca\u751f\u4ea7\u548c\u9500\u552e\u7684\u7269\u54c1\u6570\u91cf\u3002 \u5b83\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u5546\u54c1\u6570\u91cf\u548c\u751f\u4ea7\u8981\u7d20\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u5546\u54c1\u4ef7\u683c\u548c\u751f\u4ea7\u8981\u7d20\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n
Theory of Opportunity Cost\uff1aAccording to the opportunity cost theory, the value of the next best alternative available is the opportunity cost. It depends entirely on the valuation of the next best option and not on the number of options.<\/p>\n
\u673a\u4f1a\u6210\u672c\u7406\u8bba\uff1a\u6839\u636e\u673a\u4f1a\u6210\u672c\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u6b21\u4f18\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u5c31\u662f\u673a\u4f1a\u6210\u672c\u3002 \u5b83\u5b8c\u5168\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6b21\u4f18\u671f\u6743\u7684\u4f30\u503c\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u671f\u6743\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5fae\u89c2\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u4f9b\u6c42\u6a21\u578b The Demand and Supply Model of Microeconomics<\/p>\n
The demand and supply model of microeconomics explains the relationship between the quantity of a good or service that the producers are willing to produce and sell at different prices and the quantity that consumers are willing to buy at such prices. In a market economy, price and quantity are considered basic measures to gauge the goods produced and exchanged.<\/p>\n
\u5fae\u89c2\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u4f9b\u9700\u6a21\u578b\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u751f\u4ea7\u8005\u613f\u610f\u4ee5\u4e0d\u540c\u4ef7\u683c\u751f\u4ea7\u548c\u9500\u552e\u7684\u5546\u54c1\u6216\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u4e0e\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u613f\u610f\u4ee5\u8fd9\u79cd\u4ef7\u683c\u8d2d\u4e70\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002 \u5728\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ef7\u683c\u548c\u6570\u91cf\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u8861\u91cf\u751f\u4ea7\u548c\u4ea4\u6362\u5546\u54c1\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u63aa\u65bd\u3002<\/p>\n
Demand: In microeconomics, demand is referred to as the quantity of product or service that the consumers are willing to purchase at a particular price level. The quantity demanded by the consumers also depends on their ability to pay.<\/p>\n
\u9700\u6c42\uff1a\u5728\u5fae\u89c2\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u9700\u6c42\u662f\u6307\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u613f\u610f\u4ee5\u7279\u5b9a\u4ef7\u683c\u6c34\u5e73\u8d2d\u4e70\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u6216\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u3002 \u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u6240\u9700\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u8fd8\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u652f\u4ed8\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n
Supply: In microeconomics, supply refers to the amount of product or service that the producers are willing to provide at a particular price level. Moreover, companies seek to maximize their profit; hence, they would manufacture and supply a larger quantity of products if they can be sold at higher prices.<\/p>\n
\u4f9b\u7ed9\uff1a\u5728\u5fae\u89c2\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f9b\u7ed9\u662f\u6307\u751f\u4ea7\u8005\u613f\u610f\u4ee5\u7279\u5b9a\u4ef7\u683c\u6c34\u5e73\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u6216\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u3002 \u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u516c\u53f8\u5bfb\u6c42\u6700\u5927\u9650\u5ea6\u5730\u63d0\u9ad8\u5229\u6da6\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u80fd\u591f\u4ee5\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u51fa\u552e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u5236\u9020\u548c\u4f9b\u5e94\u66f4\u591a\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4f9b\u6c42\u6cd5\u5219 Law of Demand and Supply<\/p>\n
In microeconomics, the law of demand states that the quantity of commodities demanded by consumers varies inversely with prices of the commodities, all other factors being constant. This implies that if the price of any commodity increases, the demand for that commodity will decrease.<\/p>\n
\u5728\u5fae\u89c2\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u9700\u6c42\u5b9a\u5f8b\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u5546\u54c1\u6570\u91cf\u4e0e\u5546\u54c1\u4ef7\u683c\u6210\u53cd\u6bd4\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u56e0\u7d20\u90fd\u662f\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u3002 \u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u79cd\u5546\u54c1\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u4e0a\u6da8\uff0c\u5bf9\u8be5\u5546\u54c1\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u5c31\u4f1a\u51cf\u5c11\u3002<\/p>\n
The law of supply states that an increase in the price of any commodity will lead to an increase in supply and vice versa, all other factors being constant. The producers attempt to maximize their profit by increasing the quantity when the price rises.<\/p>\n
\u4f9b\u5e94\u5b9a\u5f8b\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u5546\u54c1\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u4e0a\u6da8\u90fd\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u4f9b\u5e94\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u53cd\u4e4b\u4ea6\u7136\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u56e0\u7d20\u90fd\u662f\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u3002 \u5f53\u4ef7\u683c\u4e0a\u6da8\u65f6\uff0c\u751f\u4ea7\u8005\u8bd5\u56fe\u901a\u8fc7\u589e\u52a0\u6570\u91cf\u6765\u6700\u5927\u5316\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5229\u6da6\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5e02\u573a\u7ed3\u6784 Structure of the Market<\/p>\n
Market structure is determined by various aspects, such as the number of buyers and sellers in the market, the distribution of market shares between them, and how convenient it is for the companies to enter and leave the market.<\/p>\n
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Pure competition: Pure competition is a market structure in which numerous small firms compete against each other. The demand and supply determine the quantity of the commodities produced and the market prices. The firms cannot influence the prices, and the commodities produced by all the firms are identical.<\/p>\n
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Monopoly: In such a monopolistic market structure, there is a single company controlling the supply in the entire market. As there are no substitutes, the company reduces the quantity supplied, increases the price, and earns considerable profits.<\/p>\n
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Oligopoly: In an oligopoly, a few companies control the entire market. The companies can either compete or collaborate to raise prices and earn more profits.<\/p>\n
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Monopsony: A monopsony exists when only one buyer is controlling the demand for commodities, whereas there are many sellers in the market.<\/p>\n
\u4e70\u65b9\u5784\u65ad\uff1a\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e70\u65b9\u63a7\u5236\u5546\u54c1\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u800c\u5e02\u573a\u4e0a\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u5356\u65b9\uff0c\u5219\u5b58\u5728\u5784\u65ad\u3002<\/p>\n
Oligopsony\uff1aAn oligopsony exists when there are only a small number of buyers but many sellers. In such a market, the buyers exert more power than sellers, unlike oligopoly, where sellers control the market.<\/p>\n
\u5be1\u5934\uff1a\u53ea\u6709\u5c11\u6570\u4e70\u5bb6\u4f46\u8bb8\u591a\u5356\u5bb6\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u5b58\u5728\u5be1\u5934\u3002 \u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0e\u5be1\u5934\u5784\u65ad\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4e70\u65b9\u63a7\u5236\u7740\u5e02\u573a\uff0c\u4e70\u65b9\u6bd4\u5356\u65b9\u53d1\u6325\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u6743\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n
![\"studygate\u4f5c\u4e1a\u4ee3\u5199\"](\"https:\/\/www.studygate.com\/blog-cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/09\/studygate\u4f5c\u4e1a\u4ee3\u5199-396x188.png\")
<\/p>\n
\u5bf9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6709\u7591\u95ee\uff0c\u60f3\u5bfb\u6c42\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5b66\u672f\u5e2e\u52a9\uff1f\u6b22\u8fce\u8054\u7cfbStudyGate\uff0c\u5404\u7c7b\u7406\u5de5\u5546\u79d1\u5199\u4f5c\u7b54\u7591\u89e3\u60d1\uff0c\u4e3a\u4f60\u7684\u7559\u5b66\u4e4b\u8def\u503e\u60c5\u52a9\u529b\uff01\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u5305\u542b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4f5c\u4e1a<\/a>\u3001\u5316\u5b66\u4f5c\u4e1a<\/a>\u3001\u751f\u7269\u4f5c\u4e1a<\/a>\u3001Lab Report<\/a>\u3001\u7269\u7406\u4f5c\u4e1a<\/a>\u3001Project\u4f5c\u4e1a\u8f85\u5bfc<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\nStep 1\uff1a\u63d0\u4ea4\u4f5c\u4e1a\u8981\u6c42<\/p>\n
\u4e09\u5206\u949f\u5373\u53ef\u5b8c\u6210\u4e0b\u5355\uff0c\u4e0b\u5355\u65f6\u53ef\u4ee5\u9009\u62e9\u4f5c\u4e1a\u9700\u8981\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u5177\u4f53\u8981\u6c42\u3002<\/p>\n
Step 2\uff1a\u9009\u62e9\u4e13\u4e1a\u5bfc\u5e08<\/p>\n
\u4f5c\u4e1a\u63d0\u4ea4\u6210\u529f\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5bfc\u5e08\u5ba1\u6838\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u786e\u8ba4\u4e4b\u540e\u4f1a\u8054\u7cfb\u62a5\u4ef7\uff0c\u53ef\u81ea\u7531\u9009\u62e9\u4e13\u4e1a\u5b66\u79d1\u76f8\u5173\u5bfc\u5e08\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u786e\u8ba4\u4f5c\u4e1a\u6700\u7ec8\u4ef7\u683c\u3002<\/p>\n
Step 3\uff1a\u5b8c\u6210\u8ba2\u5355, \u51c6\u65f6\u4ea4\u4ed8<\/p>\n
\u5bfc\u5e08\u5f00\u59cb\u5904\u7406\u8ba2\u5355\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u671f\u95f4\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u767b\u5f55\u8d26\u53f7\u548c\u5bfc\u5e08\u968f\u65f6\u6c9f\u901a\u3002\u4f5c\u4e1a\u5b8c\u6210\u540e\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u81ea\u52a8\u53d1\u9001\u81f3\u4f60\u7684\u90ae\u7bb1\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u4fe1\u606f\u5b89\u5168\u4fdd\u5bc6\u3002\u4f60\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u767b\u5f55\u8d26\u53f7\u76f4\u63a5\u4e0b\u8f7d\u3002<\/p>\n
Step 4\uff1a\u6536\u5230\u7b54\u684814\u5929\u4e4b\u5185\u786e\u8ba4\uff0c100%\u6ee1\u610f\u4fdd\u8bc1<\/p>\n
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Step 5\uff1a\u5bf9\u5bfc\u5e08\u63d0\u51fa\u8bc4\u4ef7<\/p>\n
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StudyGate\u4e13\u4e1a\u7406\u5de5\u79d1\u4f5c\u4e1a\u8f85\u5bfc<\/a>\uff0c\u6700\u9760\u8c31\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4f5c\u4e1a\u8f85\u5bfc<\/a>\uff01<\/p>\n\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6b22\u8fce\u968f\u65f6\u54a8\u8be2\u7f51\u9875\u5ba2\u670d\uff01<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Theory of Consumer Demand: relates goods and services consumption preference to consumption expenditure. Such a correlation provides a way for consumers, subject to budget constraints, to achieve a balance between expenses and preferences by optimizing utility.<\/p>\n
\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u9700\u6c42\u7406\u8bba\uff1a\u5c06\u5546\u54c1\u548c\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u6d88\u8d39\u504f\u597d\u4e0e\u6d88\u8d39\u652f\u51fa\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u3002 \u8fd9\u79cd\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u4e3a\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u5728\u9884\u7b97\u6709\u9650\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u901a\u8fc7\u4f18\u5316\u6548\u7528\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u8d39\u7528\u4e0e\u504f\u597d\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n
Theory of Production Input Value\uff1aAccording to the production input value theory, the price of any item or product is determined by the number of resources spent to create it. Cost may include several of the production factors (including land, capital, or labor) and taxation. Technology may be regarded as either circulating capital (e.g., intermediate goods) or fixed capital (e.g., an industrial plant).<\/p>\n
\u751f\u4ea7\u6295\u5165\u4ef7\u503c\u7406\u8bba\uff1a\u6839\u636e\u751f\u4ea7\u6295\u5165\u4ef7\u503c\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u7269\u54c1\u6216\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u5747\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5176\u751f\u4ea7\u6240\u82b1\u8d39\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u6570\u91cf\u3002 \u6210\u672c\u53ef\u80fd\u5305\u62ec\u4e00\u4e9b\u751f\u4ea7\u8981\u7d20\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u571f\u5730\uff0c\u8d44\u672c\u6216\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\uff09\u548c\u7a0e\u6536\u3002 \u6280\u672f\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u6d41\u52a8\u8d44\u672c\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u4e2d\u95f4\u4ea7\u54c1\uff09\u6216\u56fa\u5b9a\u8d44\u672c\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u5de5\u5382\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n
Production Theory\uff1aThe production theory in microeconomics explains how businesses decide on the quantity of raw material to be used and the quantity of items to be produced and sold. It defines a relationship between the quantity of the commodities and production factors on the one hand, and the price of the commodities and production factors on the other.<\/p>\n
\u751f\u4ea7\u7406\u8bba\uff1a\u5fae\u89c2\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u7406\u8bba\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u4f01\u4e1a\u5982\u4f55\u51b3\u5b9a\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u539f\u6750\u6599\u6570\u91cf\u4ee5\u53ca\u751f\u4ea7\u548c\u9500\u552e\u7684\u7269\u54c1\u6570\u91cf\u3002 \u5b83\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u5546\u54c1\u6570\u91cf\u548c\u751f\u4ea7\u8981\u7d20\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u5546\u54c1\u4ef7\u683c\u548c\u751f\u4ea7\u8981\u7d20\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n
Theory of Opportunity Cost\uff1aAccording to the opportunity cost theory, the value of the next best alternative available is the opportunity cost. It depends entirely on the valuation of the next best option and not on the number of options.<\/p>\n
\u673a\u4f1a\u6210\u672c\u7406\u8bba\uff1a\u6839\u636e\u673a\u4f1a\u6210\u672c\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u6b21\u4f18\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u5c31\u662f\u673a\u4f1a\u6210\u672c\u3002 \u5b83\u5b8c\u5168\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6b21\u4f18\u671f\u6743\u7684\u4f30\u503c\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u671f\u6743\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5fae\u89c2\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u4f9b\u6c42\u6a21\u578b The Demand and Supply Model of Microeconomics<\/p>\n
The demand and supply model of microeconomics explains the relationship between the quantity of a good or service that the producers are willing to produce and sell at different prices and the quantity that consumers are willing to buy at such prices. In a market economy, price and quantity are considered basic measures to gauge the goods produced and exchanged.<\/p>\n
\u5fae\u89c2\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u4f9b\u9700\u6a21\u578b\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u751f\u4ea7\u8005\u613f\u610f\u4ee5\u4e0d\u540c\u4ef7\u683c\u751f\u4ea7\u548c\u9500\u552e\u7684\u5546\u54c1\u6216\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u4e0e\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u613f\u610f\u4ee5\u8fd9\u79cd\u4ef7\u683c\u8d2d\u4e70\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002 \u5728\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ef7\u683c\u548c\u6570\u91cf\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u8861\u91cf\u751f\u4ea7\u548c\u4ea4\u6362\u5546\u54c1\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u63aa\u65bd\u3002<\/p>\n
Demand: In microeconomics, demand is referred to as the quantity of product or service that the consumers are willing to purchase at a particular price level. The quantity demanded by the consumers also depends on their ability to pay.<\/p>\n
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Supply: In microeconomics, supply refers to the amount of product or service that the producers are willing to provide at a particular price level. Moreover, companies seek to maximize their profit; hence, they would manufacture and supply a larger quantity of products if they can be sold at higher prices.<\/p>\n
\u4f9b\u7ed9\uff1a\u5728\u5fae\u89c2\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f9b\u7ed9\u662f\u6307\u751f\u4ea7\u8005\u613f\u610f\u4ee5\u7279\u5b9a\u4ef7\u683c\u6c34\u5e73\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u6216\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u3002 \u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u516c\u53f8\u5bfb\u6c42\u6700\u5927\u9650\u5ea6\u5730\u63d0\u9ad8\u5229\u6da6\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u80fd\u591f\u4ee5\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u51fa\u552e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u5236\u9020\u548c\u4f9b\u5e94\u66f4\u591a\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4f9b\u6c42\u6cd5\u5219 Law of Demand and Supply<\/p>\n
In microeconomics, the law of demand states that the quantity of commodities demanded by consumers varies inversely with prices of the commodities, all other factors being constant. This implies that if the price of any commodity increases, the demand for that commodity will decrease.<\/p>\n
\u5728\u5fae\u89c2\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u9700\u6c42\u5b9a\u5f8b\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u5546\u54c1\u6570\u91cf\u4e0e\u5546\u54c1\u4ef7\u683c\u6210\u53cd\u6bd4\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u56e0\u7d20\u90fd\u662f\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u3002 \u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u79cd\u5546\u54c1\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u4e0a\u6da8\uff0c\u5bf9\u8be5\u5546\u54c1\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u5c31\u4f1a\u51cf\u5c11\u3002<\/p>\n
The law of supply states that an increase in the price of any commodity will lead to an increase in supply and vice versa, all other factors being constant. The producers attempt to maximize their profit by increasing the quantity when the price rises.<\/p>\n
\u4f9b\u5e94\u5b9a\u5f8b\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u5546\u54c1\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u4e0a\u6da8\u90fd\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u4f9b\u5e94\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u53cd\u4e4b\u4ea6\u7136\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u56e0\u7d20\u90fd\u662f\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u3002 \u5f53\u4ef7\u683c\u4e0a\u6da8\u65f6\uff0c\u751f\u4ea7\u8005\u8bd5\u56fe\u901a\u8fc7\u589e\u52a0\u6570\u91cf\u6765\u6700\u5927\u5316\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5229\u6da6\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5e02\u573a\u7ed3\u6784 Structure of the Market<\/p>\n
Market structure is determined by various aspects, such as the number of buyers and sellers in the market, the distribution of market shares between them, and how convenient it is for the companies to enter and leave the market.<\/p>\n
\u5e02\u573a\u7ed3\u6784\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5404\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5e02\u573a\u4e2d\u4e70\u5356\u53cc\u65b9\u7684\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u5e02\u573a\u4efd\u989d\u7684\u5206\u914d\u4ee5\u53ca\u516c\u53f8\u8fdb\u51fa\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u4fbf\u5229\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n
Pure competition: Pure competition is a market structure in which numerous small firms compete against each other. The demand and supply determine the quantity of the commodities produced and the market prices. The firms cannot influence the prices, and the commodities produced by all the firms are identical.<\/p>\n
\u7eaf\u7ade\u4e89\uff1a\u7eaf\u7ade\u4e89\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5e02\u573a\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u5e02\u573a\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u5c0f\u516c\u53f8\u76f8\u4e92\u7ade\u4e89\u3002 \u4f9b\u6c42\u5173\u7cfb\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u6240\u751f\u4ea7\u5546\u54c1\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u548c\u5e02\u573a\u4ef7\u683c\u3002 \u4f01\u4e1a\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f71\u54cd\u4ef7\u683c\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u4f01\u4e1a\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u5546\u54c1\u90fd\u662f\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
Monopoly: In such a monopolistic market structure, there is a single company controlling the supply in the entire market. As there are no substitutes, the company reduces the quantity supplied, increases the price, and earns considerable profits.<\/p>\n
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Oligopoly: In an oligopoly, a few companies control the entire market. The companies can either compete or collaborate to raise prices and earn more profits.<\/p>\n
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Monopsony: A monopsony exists when only one buyer is controlling the demand for commodities, whereas there are many sellers in the market.<\/p>\n
\u4e70\u65b9\u5784\u65ad\uff1a\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e70\u65b9\u63a7\u5236\u5546\u54c1\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u800c\u5e02\u573a\u4e0a\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u5356\u65b9\uff0c\u5219\u5b58\u5728\u5784\u65ad\u3002<\/p>\n
Oligopsony\uff1aAn oligopsony exists when there are only a small number of buyers but many sellers. In such a market, the buyers exert more power than sellers, unlike oligopoly, where sellers control the market.<\/p>\n
\u5be1\u5934\uff1a\u53ea\u6709\u5c11\u6570\u4e70\u5bb6\u4f46\u8bb8\u591a\u5356\u5bb6\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u5b58\u5728\u5be1\u5934\u3002 \u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0e\u5be1\u5934\u5784\u65ad\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4e70\u65b9\u63a7\u5236\u7740\u5e02\u573a\uff0c\u4e70\u65b9\u6bd4\u5356\u65b9\u53d1\u6325\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u6743\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u5bf9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6709\u7591\u95ee\uff0c\u60f3\u5bfb\u6c42\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5b66\u672f\u5e2e\u52a9\uff1f\u6b22\u8fce\u8054\u7cfbStudyGate\uff0c\u5404\u7c7b\u7406\u5de5\u5546\u79d1\u5199\u4f5c\u7b54\u7591\u89e3\u60d1\uff0c\u4e3a\u4f60\u7684\u7559\u5b66\u4e4b\u8def\u503e\u60c5\u52a9\u529b\uff01\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u5305\u542b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4f5c\u4e1a<\/a>\u3001\u5316\u5b66\u4f5c\u4e1a<\/a>\u3001\u751f\u7269\u4f5c\u4e1a<\/a>\u3001Lab Report<\/a>\u3001\u7269\u7406\u4f5c\u4e1a<\/a>\u3001Project\u4f5c\u4e1a\u8f85\u5bfc<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n Step 1\uff1a\u63d0\u4ea4\u4f5c\u4e1a\u8981\u6c42<\/p>\n \u4e09\u5206\u949f\u5373\u53ef\u5b8c\u6210\u4e0b\u5355\uff0c\u4e0b\u5355\u65f6\u53ef\u4ee5\u9009\u62e9\u4f5c\u4e1a\u9700\u8981\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u5177\u4f53\u8981\u6c42\u3002<\/p>\n Step 2\uff1a\u9009\u62e9\u4e13\u4e1a\u5bfc\u5e08<\/p>\n \u4f5c\u4e1a\u63d0\u4ea4\u6210\u529f\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5bfc\u5e08\u5ba1\u6838\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u786e\u8ba4\u4e4b\u540e\u4f1a\u8054\u7cfb\u62a5\u4ef7\uff0c\u53ef\u81ea\u7531\u9009\u62e9\u4e13\u4e1a\u5b66\u79d1\u76f8\u5173\u5bfc\u5e08\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u786e\u8ba4\u4f5c\u4e1a\u6700\u7ec8\u4ef7\u683c\u3002<\/p>\n Step 3\uff1a\u5b8c\u6210\u8ba2\u5355, \u51c6\u65f6\u4ea4\u4ed8<\/p>\n \u5bfc\u5e08\u5f00\u59cb\u5904\u7406\u8ba2\u5355\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u671f\u95f4\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u767b\u5f55\u8d26\u53f7\u548c\u5bfc\u5e08\u968f\u65f6\u6c9f\u901a\u3002\u4f5c\u4e1a\u5b8c\u6210\u540e\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u81ea\u52a8\u53d1\u9001\u81f3\u4f60\u7684\u90ae\u7bb1\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u4fe1\u606f\u5b89\u5168\u4fdd\u5bc6\u3002\u4f60\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u767b\u5f55\u8d26\u53f7\u76f4\u63a5\u4e0b\u8f7d\u3002<\/p>\n Step 4\uff1a\u6536\u5230\u7b54\u684814\u5929\u4e4b\u5185\u786e\u8ba4\uff0c100%\u6ee1\u610f\u4fdd\u8bc1<\/p>\n \u6536\u5230\u4f5c\u4e1a\u4e4b\u540e14\u5929\u4e4b\u5185\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5bf9\u4f5c\u4e1a\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u8054\u7cfb\u5bfc\u5e08\u8fdb\u884c\u4fee\u6539\u3002100%\u6ee1\u610f\u4fdd\u8bc1\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4f60\u9009\u62e9\u6ee1\u610f\u7b54\u6848\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u624d\u4f1a\u6263\u6b3e\uff0c\u5b89\u5168\u6709\u4fdd\u969c\u3002<\/p>\n Step 5\uff1a\u5bf9\u5bfc\u5e08\u63d0\u51fa\u8bc4\u4ef7<\/p>\n \u6211\u4eec\u62e5\u6709\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u5bfc\u5e08\u8003\u6838\u8bc4\u4ef7\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u670d\u52a1\u597d\u4e0d\u597d\uff0c\u5168\u7531\u4f60\u8bf4\u4e86\u7b97\uff01\u4f60\u7684\u8ba4\u540c\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u524d\u8fdb\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n StudyGate\u4e13\u4e1a\u7406\u5de5\u79d1\u4f5c\u4e1a\u8f85\u5bfc<\/a>\uff0c\u6700\u9760\u8c31\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4f5c\u4e1a\u8f85\u5bfc<\/a>\uff01<\/p>\n \u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6b22\u8fce\u968f\u65f6\u54a8\u8be2\u7f51\u9875\u5ba2\u670d\uff01<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u63d0\u5230\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5f88\u591a\u5c0f\u4f19\u4f34\u90fd\u84dd\u7626\u9999\u83c7\u5427\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u60f3\u5230\u90a3\u4e9b\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u8bcd\u6c47\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7406\u8bba\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6a21\u578b\u5427\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u96be\u8bb0\u5fc6\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u7406\u89e3\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u90a3\u4e48\u5bb9\u6613\u7684\u3002\u4e0d\u5c11\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5e38\u7528\u8bcd\u6c47\u770b\u7740\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u800c\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u610f\u601d\u5374\u5927\u76f8\u5f84\u5ead\u3002\u4eca\u5929\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u548c\u5927\u5bb6\u5206\u4eab\u4e00\u4e9b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u8bcd\u6c47\u3001\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u6a21\u578b\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5871,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"cybocfi_hide_featured_image":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[61],"tags":[88,85,89],"class_list":["post-5854","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-61","tag-assignment","tag-econ","tag-89"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n